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1.
Uwe Kruger David Antory Juergen Hahn George W. Irwin Geoff McCullough 《Computers & Chemical Engineering》2005,29(11-12):2355
Although principal component analysis (PCA) is an important tool in standard multivariate data analysis, little interest has been devoted to assessing whether the underlying relationship within a given variable set can be described by a linear PCA model or whether nonlinear PCA must be utilized. This paper addresses this deficiency by introducing a nonlinearity measure for principal component models. The measure is based on the following two principles: (i) the range of recorded process operation is divided into smaller regions; and (ii) accuracy bounds are determined for the sum of the discarded eigenvalues. If this sum is within the accuracy bounds for each region, the process is assumed to be linear and vice versa. This procedure is automated through the use of cross-validation. Finally, the paper shows the utility of the new nonlinearity measure using two simulation studies and with data from an industrial melter process. 相似文献
2.
Management practices for irrigation schemes can often be improved by modelling the behaviour of a scheme and by evaluating its efficiency statistics. However, looking at an irrigation scheme without regard for other water uses within the river basin may not be effective. Efficiencies computed in this way are local and, since water may be used many times within the same basin, may not be realistic. Changes in water uses (e.g. irrigation, industrial, power production, urban water supply, navigation, environmental, recreational) will often have effects on other uses; and changes in irrigation schemes (management,structural, crop pattern) may affect other users within the basin. In addition, all water users will be affected by external changes such as changes in land cover or in climate. As demand for water increases, these links become more important until, at some stage, there is insufficient water for all users and hard choices must be made. Hydrological modelling is a tool that can be used to relate irrigation schemes to the other water uses within a river basin and can help in assessing real productivities and in evaluating alternative patterns of water usage. This paper discusses the techniques available to simulate irrigation schemes within overall basin water resources using, as an example, an intensively utilized basin in western Turkey. 相似文献
3.
4.
Gellatly Angus; Pilling Michael; Cole Geoff; Skarratt Paul 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2006,32(6):1422
Object substitution masking (OSM) is said to occur when a perceptual object is hypothesized that is mismatched by subsequent sensory evidence, leading to a new hypothesized object being substituted for the first. For example, when a brief target is accompanied by a longer lasting display of nonoverlapping mask elements, reporting of target features may be impaired. J. T. Enns and V. Di Lollo (2000) considered it an outstanding question whether OSM masks some or all aspects of a target. The authors report three experiments demonstrating that OSM can selectively affect target features. Participants may be able to detect a target while being unable to report other aspects of it or to report the color but not the orientation of a target (or vice versa). We discuss these findings in relation to two other visual phenomena. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
5.
Argues that children's failure on one of Piaget's best known tasks, conservation of solid quantity, reflects ignorance of physical properties rather than inadequate reasoning ability. The evidence for conservation itself, seen from the child's position, is analyzed. It is emphasized that children can learn and enjoy the concepts and methods of physics at much earlier ages than current orthodoxies would indicate. (French abstract) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
6.
The selective 5HT3 antagonist tropisetron was studied in 91 outpatients meeting DSM-III criteria for Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Following a placebo washout period of up to 1 week, one of three active treatments (tropisetron 0.5 mg, 5 mg, or 25 mg daily) or placebo was given for a further 3 weeks. After 7 days treatment termination rates due to inefficacy showed a statistically significant dose-related therapeutic effect of tropisetron. Similar effects were seen on the Hopkins Symptom Check List total score and the Global Impression Scale. The Hamilton Anxiety Scale showed a similar trend which, however, failed to reach statistical significance. At day 21 tropisetron showed significant dose-dependent effects on all anxiety-related outcome measures. The incidence of adverse events was low and the severity generally mild. Most frequent complaints were headache, nausea, constipation and nervousness. Laboratory tests and physical examination performed at baseline and study end showed no significant treatment effects. 相似文献
7.
This paper documents the design, competing systems, results, and conclusions of the CADE-14 ATP System Competition (CASC-14). 相似文献
8.
Eva Plsgrd Carina Johansson Gang Li Geoff W. Grime J. T. Triffitt 《Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section B, Beam interactions with materials and atoms》1997,130(1-4):431-438
To respond to varying environmental demands the bone tissue in the body is under continual reconstruction throughout life. It is known that metallic elements are important for maintaining normal bone structure, but their roles are not well understood. More information about the effects of metal excess or deficiency is needed to help in the development of metallic bone implants and to improve the treatment of bone fractures and defects. The Oxford Scanning Proton Microprobe (SPM) is being applied in two studies involving metal ions in bone: (1) bone regrowth and bonding to titanium bone implants may be influenced by diffusion of Ti ions into the bone. We are using microPIXE to determine the metal ion content of bone developing in contact with implants of pure Nb, Ti and Ti alloys. (2) Bone lengthening as a surgical procedure is induced by fracturing the bone and allowing it to heal with a small gap between the fractured ends created by the use of external fixators. The gap can be slowly increased during the healing process to stimulate the production of new bone. The enzymes and other constituents of the developing bone need certain metals for their function. Using experimental animals we have studied the concentrations of the metals and whether a deficiency of trace metals limits the optimum rate of bone lengthening. 相似文献
9.
The iridium-silicon phase diagram on the silicon-rich side was investigated by means of X-ray powder diffraction, density, differential thermal analysis (DTA), metallography, microprobe analysis, and electrical resistivity. Attempts were made to prepare eight previously reported silicon-rich iridium silicide compounds by arc melting and Bridgman-like growth. However, microprobe analysis identified only five distinct compositions: IrSi, Ir4Si5, Ir3Si4, Ir3Si5 and IrSi≈3. The existence of Ir2Si3, Ir4Si7, and IrSi2 could not be confirmed in this study. DTA in conjunction with X-ray powder diffraction confirm polymorphism in IrSi≈3, determined to have orthorhombic and monoclinic unit cells in the high and low temperature forms. A eutectic composition alloy of 80.5 ± 1 at.% Si was observed between IrSi≈3 and silicon. Both Ir4Si5 and Ir3Si4 exhibit distinct metallic behavior while Ir3Si5 is semiconducting. IrSi and IrSi≈3 exhibit nearly temperature-independent electrical resistivities on the order of (5–10) × 10−6 ω m. 相似文献
10.
Kathy A. Northcott Ian Snape Peter J. Scales Geoff W. Stevens 《Chemical engineering science》2005,60(24):6835-6843
Sludge reduction and dewatering is an important aspect of water and waste water treatment. This is especially true in the case of Australia's Antarctic contaminated site remediation program, where the reduction in volume of wastes to be returned to Australia can lead to significant transport and handling cost savings. The dewatering characterisation of water treatment sludges from an Antarctic contaminated site was conducted using a theory of suspension dewatering developed by Buscall, Landman and White. This theory uses fundamental material properties of compressibility and permeability to determine the diffusivity of a suspension. Diffusivity is a useful property that can be used to directly compare the dewaterability of various sludges. In this investigation, several water treatment sludges were collected and characterised in the field to determine the impact of temperature and additives on compressibility, permeability and diffusivity. The Antarctic sludges were found to be less compressible and less permeable than materials such as mineral suspensions and alum water treatment sludges. Compressibility was found to decrease with the addition of powdered coagulation aids such as bentonite and chitosan. 相似文献