Evaluation of furrow fertigation and model validation on maize field

In new agricultural practices, joint application of water and fertilizer has been become common. Uniform distribution of fertilizer in soil and in plant growth duration is possible by this procedure. The main objective of this study was to investigate furrow fertigation management effects on distribution uniformity and runoff losses of nitrate in a cornfield, and validate a numerical fertigation model. A field experiment was carried out with seed corn at 12 experiments with a complete randomized block design during 2 years. Nitrogen requirement was determined by soil analysis and accomplished in four stages of the growth: before cultivation, in seven leaves, shooting and earring stages which first section (before cultivation) was applied by manual distribution and others by fertigation. Potash and super phosphate fertilizers (based on soil analysis) were sprayed on soil before planting. Water requirement was estimated by using class a evaporation pan multiplied by plant (Kc) and pan coefficients. Nitrogen fertilizer was solved in irrigation water and injected at the last minutes of irrigation. The results showed that fertilizer distribution uniformity of the low quarter (DU_LQ) ranged from 85.7% to 91.5% in first year, and 69.9% to 95.5% in second year. While water DU_LQ ranged from 74.1 to 98.2% in 2 years. Nitrate losses of surface runoff have ranged between 5.7 and 42.0% in first year according to the application time and the outflow flux. In second year, the nitrate losses decreased by adopting appropriate management based on the experiences of first year. The fertigation model was subsequently applied to the experimental data and results showed good agreement with field data.     

Postharvest Attributes of “Washington Navel” Orange as Affected by Preharvest Foliar Application of Calcium Chloride,Potassium Chloride,and Salicylic Acid

ABSTRACT

To evaluate the effects of preharvest foliar application of calcium chloride (CaCl₂), potassium chloride (KCl), and salicylic acid (SA) on postharvest quantitative and qualitative attributes and storage life of “Washington navel” orange, an experiment was conducted during two consecutive years. Solutions including CaCl₂ (1.5% and 3%), KCl (1.5% and 3%), SA (0.015%, 0.03% and 0.045%), and the combination of CaCl₂, KCl, and SA were sprayed on the canopy at the end of the first stage of fruit growth one month after full bloom (fruit diameter was 20 mm) and repeated in late September. The fruits were harvested at commercial maturity stage and were stored at 5°C with 85 ± 5% relative humidity (RH) for 90 days. Quantitative and qualitative characteristics were assessed every month. Preharvest KCl treatment had no significant effect on measured parameters. However, CaCl₂ and SA treatments had the most impact on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics, such as firmness and phenolic content of fruit during storage. The SA treatment enhanced fruit appearance and nutritional value compared to the control but could not prevent the weight loss during storage. The results showed that preharvest spray of CaCl₂, KCl, SA, and their combination had positive effects on storability of “Washington navel” orange fruit during storage. However, the effect of Ca and SA was more. Application of Ca, K, and SA could be beneficial for orange postharvest instead of mixed elements fertilizers.     

Combined effects of guanidinoacetic acid,coenzyme Q10 and taurine on growth performance,gene expression and ascites mortality in broiler chickens

High levels of guanidinoacetate acid (GAA) deteriorate growth response in broiler chickens. We propose using coenzyme Q₁₀, an antioxidant, and taurine (TAU), a methyl donor, to cope with the situation when high level of GAA included in diet. GAA was supplemented at 0 (control), 0.75, 1.5 and 2.25 g/kg in isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diets and fed to broilers (Cobb 500) from 1 to 40 days post‐hatch. Three additional diets were prepared by adding CoQ₁₀ (40 mg/kg), TAU (40 mg/kg) or their combination (both CoQ₁₀ and TAU at 40 mg/kg) to the 2.25 g/kg GAA group. The experimental design used was a completely randomized design. While weight gain (p = 0.038) and feed conversion ratio (p = 0.024) improved when GAA added at 1.5 g/kg, higher supplementation (2.25 g/kg) deteriorated these responses. These responses, however, were significantly restored by using CoQ₁₀, TAU or their combination. Abdominal fat deposition was significantly decreased when TAU added to broiler diets by virtue of upregulating peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor alpha. Supplementing broiler diets with CoQ₁₀ and TAU or their combination significantly decrease ascites mortality. In conclusion, CoQ₁₀ and TAU have shown beneficial effects when high level of GAA included in broiler diets.     

A Historic Review of the Role of CD4+ T-Cell Subsets in Development of the Immune Responses against Cutaneous and Visceral Leishmaniases

The heterogeneity of CD4⁺ T cells has been investigated since the late 1970s, when their Th1 and Th2 subsets were coined. Later studies on the cutaneous form of the Leishmaniasis were focused on the experimental models of Leishmania major infection using the susceptible BALB/c and the resistant C57BL/6 mice. At the early 21^st century, the T_reg subpopulation was introduced and its role in concomitant immunity, responsible for lifelong resistance of the host to the reinfection was proposed. Subsequent studies, mainly focused on the visceral form of the infection pointed to the role of IL-17, produced by Th17 subset of CD4⁺ T cells that along the neutrophils were shown to have important yet equivocal functions in protection against or exacerbation of the infection. Altogether, the current knowledge indicates that the above four subsets could orchestrate the immune, the regulatory and the inflammatory responses of the host against different forms of leishmaniases. Key Words: Immunity, Leishmaniasis, T-Lymphocytes     

Application of an early skip-a-day feed restriction on physiological parameters, carcass traits and development of ascites in male broilers reared under regular or cold temperatures at high altitude

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of a skip‐a‐day feed removal early in life on physiological parameters and ascites occurrence in broilers reared at a high altitude (2100 m above sealevel) under regular or cold temperatures. Three hundred 1‐day‐old male broilers were divided into two equal groups. One group was placed in an enclosure with standard thermal management. The other group treated for the induction of ascites was raised under cold temperature conditions. In each enclosure, birds were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups (three replicate floor pens of 25 chicks per treatment group): (i) a control was fed a standard starter and grower diet according to the National Research Council; or (ii) a skip‐a‐day feed removal, which was similar to the control except for 24 h fasting intervals at 9, 11 and 13 days of age. Results indicate that live bodyweight following the feed removal at up to 42 days of age was significantly different between the control and skip‐a‐day restricted birds (P < 0.01). Skip‐a‐day feed removal resulted in decreased weight gain (P = 0.005) but did not influence feed conversion ratio. The heterophil : lymphocyte ratio was numerically higher for the cold environment and increased when birds were exposed to fasting, but these differences were not significant. Hematocrit was significantly higher (P = 0.0001) in broilers raised in cold conditions whereas it was not influenced by feed restriction. Circulatory thyroid hormone concentrations were not influenced by the feed restriction program under both environments. Birds subjected to cold had significantly lower (P = 0.0023) carcass yield compared to those reared at normal temperature. Breast yield and abdominal fat deposition were not influenced by cold or feed restriction. A reduction in mortality from ascites was noted in broilers who experienced early skip‐a‐day feed removal under both environmental conditions.     

Evaluation of various quick methods for estimating furrow and border infiltration parameters

For estimating infiltration properties of surface irrigation, some ‘quick’ and easy methods have been developed. The main objective of this study was to evaluate different ‘quick’ methods and to compare the obtained results with two new methods proposed based on the Shepard one-point approach. For this purpose, data sets measured in six borders and five furrows were used for evaluating different methods. Using the volume balance equation and estimated infiltration parameters, the total infiltrated volume and advance times were predicted to evaluate the accuracy of estimated infiltration parameters. The results showed that the modified Mailapalli and Elliott and Walker methods provided the lowest errors for both furrow and border irrigations. The Elliott and Walker method predicted advance times with highest accuracy. There was very small difference between the Shepard and new proposed one-point methods. The performance of the Elliott and Walker method was slightly better than the new proposed two-point method for the experimental furrows, while a minor difference was found for the experimental borders. The results also showed that the performance of the Elliot and Walker method would be improved using binomial approximation instead of Kiefer approximation.     

The effects of dietary supplements of polyunsaturated fatty acid on pearl oyster,Pinctada margaritifera L., gonad composition and reproductive output

Black‐lip pearl oyster, Pinctada margaritifera broodstock was collected from the wild. Egg production, hatching rate and larval development were compared between oysters induced to spawn within 2 days after collection in the wild (T1), oysters fed a pure microalgae diet during 24 days before spawning (T2) and oysters fed the same microalgal diet in which 10% of the algae were replaced with 2 μm polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)‐rich microspheres (T3). Administration of lipid microspheres resulted in larger sized eggs, a higher percentage of D‐larvae and larger sized 48‐h‐old larvae (P<0.05). The total and neutral lipid contents of the gonad increased after oysters were fed with microalgae only or with supplementary diet. The major neutral and polar fractions of saturated fatty acid (SFA) were 16C and 18C fatty acids, and not influenced by the diet (P>0.05). The gonads of oysters fed supplementary PUFA contained more docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and less monounsaturated fatty acids. Higher level of DHA in gonads of T3 was associated with oogenesis and embryogenesis success. The n‐3/n‐6 ratio in the neutral lipid fraction provides a good indication of the spawning condition and predicting egg size and hatching rate.     

Acquisition of haemoglobin-bound iron by Histophilus somni

Histophilus somni is an important pathogen of cattle and sheep. H. somni requires iron and can use ruminant transferrins as iron sources for growth. Here, we investigated the abilities of bovine (strains 649 and 2,336) and ovine (strains 9L and 3384Y) isolates of H. somni to acquire iron from haemoglobins. Using growth assays, the bovine isolates were shown to acquire iron from bovine haemoglobin, but not from ovine, porcine or human haemoglobins; the ovine isolates, however, failed to use any of these haemoglobins as iron sources for growth. In solid phase binding assays, the bovine isolates, grown under iron-restricted conditions in the presence of bovine haemoglobin, bound not only bovine but also ovine and human haemoglobins. Competition binding assays indicated that all three haemoglobins were bound by the same receptor(s) and SDS-PAGE of membrane fractions revealed that expression of haemoglobin-binding activity was associated with the production of an approximately 120-kDa outer membrane protein. PCR approaches allowed the amplification and sequencing of hgbA, and also hugX and hugZ homologues from strains 649, 9L and 3384Y. While hgbA of strain 649 was predicted to encode an HgbA precursor that is processed to yield a mature, 123.9-kDa haemoglobin-binding protein, the hgbA genes of strains 9L and 3384Y were predicted to give rise to truncated products. RT-PCR experiments revealed that in strain 649, hugX, hugZ and hgbA are co-transcribed and iron-regulated and additional sequencing suggested that in strain 2336, expression of HgbA is subject to phase variation involving a poly C tract within hgbA.