机器人辅助腹腔镜上尿路修复手术:单一术者108例经验总结

目的: 总结分析单一术者机器人辅助腹腔镜上尿路修复手术的技术经验及治疗效果。方法: 回顾性分析2018年11月至2020年1月由单一术者完成的108例机器人辅助腹腔镜上尿路修复手术的临床资料,包括改良后离断肾盂成形术53例、肾盂瓣成形术11例、输尿管狭窄段切除再吻合术11例、输尿管狭窄切开自体舌黏膜修补术5例、输尿管狭窄切开阑尾补片修复术4例、输尿管膀胱再植术11例、术中精确测量法膀胱悬吊翻瓣术6例和改良回肠代输尿管术7例。手术成功定义为主观症状缓解且泌尿系超声提示肾积水缓解。结果: 108例手术均成功完成,无中转普通腹腔镜及开放手术。改良后离断肾盂成形术,中位手术时间141 min(74~368 min),中位出血量20 mL(10~350 mL),中位术后住院时间4 d(3~19 d),手术成功率为94.3%。肾盂瓣成形术,中位手术时间159 min(110~222 min),中位出血量50 mL(20~150 mL),中位术后住院时间5 d(3~8 d),手术成功率为100%。输尿管狭窄段切除再吻合术,中位手术时间126 min(76~160 min),中位术中出血量20 mL(10~50 mL),中位术后住院时间5 d(4~9 d),手术成功率为100%。输尿管狭窄切开自体舌黏膜补片修补术,中位手术时间204 min(154~250 min),中位出血量30 mL(10~100 mL),中位术后住院时间6 d(4~7 d),手术成功率为100%。输尿管狭窄切开阑尾补片修复术,中位手术时间164 min(135~211 min),中位手术出血量75 mL(50~200 mL),中位术后住院日8.5 d(6~12 d),手术成功率为100%。输尿管膀胱再植术,中位手术时间149 min(100~218 min),中位术中出血量20 mL(10~50 mL),中位术后住院日7 d(5~10 d),手术成功率为90.9%。术中精确测量法膀胱悬吊翻瓣术,中位手术时间166 min(137~205 min),中位手术出血45 mL(20~100 mL),中位术后住院时间5 d(4~41 d),手术成功率为83.3%。改良回肠代输尿管手术,中位手术时间270 min(227~335 min),中位术中出血量100 mL(10~100 mL),中位术后住院时间7 d(5~26 d),手术成功率为85.7%。结论: 本研究中单一术者应用机器人辅助腹腔镜开展并改良了多种复杂上尿路修复手术术式,对进一步形成标准化、程序化上尿路修复手术方式提供了参考。     

上尿路微创手术的技术改良

Upper urinary surgery is an important area of urology surgery. Open surgery used to be the gold standard of upper urinary surgery. With the development of medical techniques, minimal invasive surgeries including laparoscopic and robot assisted-laparoscopic surgery have gradually replaced the open surgery. Because of the complexity and diversity of upper urinary diseases, surgeries sometimes are difficult, and minimal invasive surgeries require higher surgical abilities of urologists than open surgeries. In recent years, depending on our surgical experience and international reports, our team from three Chinese medical centers summarizes techniques of upper urinary minimal invasive surgeries. For malignant diseases, such as renal and ureteral carcinomas, it’s important to totally remove the tumor first, and then to avoid the surgical injuries. We summarize surgical experience of retroperitoneal laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for moderately complex renal hilar tumors. Our team modified minimal invasive techniques for some complex tumors, including ring suture technique for renal hilar tumors, internal suspension technique for renal ventral tumors, and combination retroperitoneal laparoscopic surgery with mini-flank incision for complex renal tumors. While for begin diseases, urologists should focus on the resections and surgical injuries at the same time. We have reported the novel technique of laparoscopic aspiration for central renal angiomyolipoma, making the surgery simple and available. For reconstruction surgeries, operations should be based on several principals. We generalize it as “4TB principals”, which include “tension-free”, “water-tight”, “thin suture”, “no touch of the key area” and “protecting the blood supply”. Depending on the localization, length, and etiology of the strictures, different techniques are required. Our team summarize the pyeloplasty, ureteral reimplantation and ileal ureter replacement based on our surgical experience. For infant upper urinary surgeries, our team has made invasive surgeries that can be used in complex diseases, such as duplex kidney. Based on years of surgical techniques, our modified surgeries achieve a better subjective cosmetic result than the traditional surgeries. In the future, the standardized, practical, simple and individual minimal invasive surgical technique will become the main direction in the future researches.     

改良经腹膜外腹腔镜VIP术治疗前列腺癌的初步经验

目的 探讨改良经腹膜外腹腔镜Vattikuti泌尿所根治性前列腺切除术(VIP)的技术要点、术后初期随访结果及初步经验。 方法 回顾性分析2017年11月至2018年9月北京大学第一医院收治的46例前列腺癌患者的临床资料。年龄54～77岁,平均65.5岁。术前PSA 0.15～69.76 ng/ml,平均13.40 ng/ml。术前Gleason评分6～10分,平均7.5分。术前临床分期T _1c期1例,T _2a期5例,T _2b期2例,T _2c期17例,T _3a期8例,T _3b期13例。46例均全麻下行改良经腹膜外途径腹腔镜VIP术。本术式改良之处：①建立腹膜外腔后,首先显露、游离、离断膀胱颈部;②处理前列腺尖部时,紧贴尖部包膜用超声刀离断背深静脉丛浅、深层而不做游离缝扎。记录手术时间、术中出血量、术后住院时间、病理分期、术后Gleason评分、术后PSA、尿控恢复时间等指标。 结果 本组46例手术均顺利完成,无中转开放手术。手术时间69～143 min,平均95.7 min。术中出血量20～200 ml,平均81.5 ml。耻骨后引流管拔除时间3～17 d,平均4.3 d。术后住院时间3～17 d,平均5.3 d。术后14 d拔除导尿管。术后5例出现漏尿,经保守治疗痊愈。术后病理分期：pT _2a期1例,pT _2c期12例,pT _3a期12例,pT _3b期21例。术后Gleason评分6～9分,平均7.7分。术后随访时间1～11个月,平均6.3个月。术后1个月PSA 0.001～0.966 ng/ml,平均0.181 ng/ml。术后1个月和3个月控尿率分别为54%(25/46)和89%(34/38)。 结论 改良经腹膜外腹腔镜VIP术是治疗前列腺癌安全可行的手术方式,其手术步骤简化,不游离缝扎DVC,不增加出血量;可保留前列腺尖部周围组织结构,术后尿控功能恢复快,但患者肿瘤学预后尚待进一步评估。     

机器人辅助腹腔镜回肠膀胱扩大术治疗结核性膀胱挛缩的初步经验

因泌尿系结核进展导致的膀胱挛缩常引起尿频、尿急、尿痛,可伴血尿或脓尿,严重者可合并对侧肾积水及肾功能不全,甚至可能危及生命。药物保守治疗往往效果不佳,膀胱扩大术是主要的治疗手段。传统开放手术和腹腔镜手术均取得不错的效果,近年来,机器人平台的出现为术者提供了三维立体视野、更加精细灵活的机械臂,很大程度方便了腔内游离缝合等操作。2019年4月～2019年12月共有3例患者因结核性膀胱挛缩于我中心行机器人辅助腹腔镜回肠膀胱扩大术,男2例,女1例,术前泌尿系超声提示膀胱容量分别为35 mL、78 mL、9.2 mL。3例患者均成功完成机器人辅助腹腔镜回肠膀胱扩大术,无中转开放或普通腹腔镜手术,中位手术时间240(221～273) min,中位术中出血量100(50～200) mL。中位术后住院时间8(6～10) d。术后随访5～13个月,膀胱容量300～450 mL,膀胱顺应性良好,3例患者均经尿道自主排尿,最大尿流率15.6～19.1 mL/s,残余尿0～50 mL。随访期间无结核复发、肾功能不全等并发症发生。综上,我中心初步经验表明机器人回肠膀胱扩大术能有效增加膀胱容量,改善膀胱挛缩引起的...     

二次肾盂成形术在复发性肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻中的研究进展

Ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) is characterized by decreased flow of urine down the ureter and increased fluid pressure inside the kidney. Open pyeloplasty had been regarded as the standard management of UPJO for a long time. Laparoscopic pyeloplasty reports high success rates, for both retroperitoneal and transperitoneal approaches, which are comparable to those of open pyeloplasty. However, open and laparoscopic pyeloplasty have yielded disappointing failure rates of 2.5%-10%. The main causes for recurrent UPJO are severe peripelvic and periureteric fibrosis due to urinary extravasation, ureteral ischemia, and inadequate hemostasis. In addition, failing to diagnose lower pole crossing vessels before or during the primary procedure is also responsible for recurrent UPJO. In addition, poor preoperative split renal function, hydronephrosis, presence of renal stones, patient age, diabetes, prior endopyelotomy history, and retrograde pyelography history were considered as predictors of pyeloplasty failure. The failure is usually defined by persistent pain, persistent radiographic obstruction (infection or stones), continued decline in split renal function, or a combination of the above. And the failure of pye-loplasty often occurs in the first 2 years after the surgery. The available options for managing recurrent UPJO with a salvageable renal unit include endopyelotomy, re-do pyeloplasty, stent implantation, percutaneous nephrostomy, ureterocalicostomy, and nephrectomy. Re-do pyeloplasty has such merits as high successful rates and rare complications, compared with endopyelotomy or ureterocalicostomy. And some investigators think that re-do pyeloplasty should be regarded as the gold standard for secondary therapy if feasible. Open pyeloplasty can enlarge the operating field, facilitate the exposure of the ureteropelvic junction, reduce the difficulty of operation, and thus reduce the occurrence of complications. There are no significant differences among the success rates of re-do pyeloplasty under open approach, traditional laparoscopy and robot-assisted laparoscopy, according to previous reports. However, traditional laparoscopic and robot-assisted pyeloplasty give advantages of cosmetology, small trauma, less postoperative pain, speedy recovery and shorter hospitalization, fewer complications and lower recurrent rates. If the primary pyeloplasty is an open operation in retroperitoneal approach, the traditional laparoscopic and robotic operation with retroperitoneal approach should be considered for secondary repair. The cause of recurrent UPJO should be evaluated before surgery and identified intraoperatively to minimize the possibility of recurrence.     

惰性肺部磨玻璃结节的多维度分子特点

随着磨玻璃结节（GGN）检出率的升高,对其进行正确认识和处理已成为当前肺癌外科的重点和热点问题。越来越多的学者尝试从分子演化特征和免疫微环境等角度探究GGN惰性进展的潜在机制。GGN不同发展阶段具有不同的主要突变基因,纯GGN的肿瘤突变负荷和基因组不稳定性最低,随病理学进展呈现出逐渐进化的基因组突变特征。GGN型肺癌中免疫细胞浸润程度低,处于免疫监视压力下且免疫逃逸较少,而随着实性成分增加,抑制性免疫环境逐步建立,免疫逃逸逐渐增强。对于GGN多维度分子特点的进一步探索将有助于更加精确地区分这类具有高度异质性的病变,为制定个性化治疗方案奠定基础。     

机器人辅助腹腔镜上尿路修复手术:单一术者108例经验总结

目的: 总结分析单一术者机器人辅助腹腔镜上尿路修复手术的技术经验及治疗效果。方法: 回顾性分析2018年11月至2020年1月由单一术者完成的108例机器人辅助腹腔镜上尿路修复手术的临床资料,包括改良后离断肾盂成形术53例、肾盂瓣成形术11例、输尿管狭窄段切除再吻合术11例、输尿管狭窄切开自体舌黏膜修补术5例、输尿管狭窄切开阑尾补片修复术4例、输尿管膀胱再植术11例、术中精确测量法膀胱悬吊翻瓣术6例和改良回肠代输尿管术7例。手术成功定义为主观症状缓解且泌尿系超声提示肾积水缓解。结果: 108例手术均成功完成,无中转普通腹腔镜及开放手术。改良后离断肾盂成形术,中位手术时间141 min(74~368 min),中位出血量20 mL(10~350 mL),中位术后住院时间4 d(3~19 d),手术成功率为94.3%。肾盂瓣成形术,中位手术时间159 min(110~222 min),中位出血量50 mL(20~150 mL),中位术后住院时间5 d(3~8 d),手术成功率为100%。输尿管狭窄段切除再吻合术,中位手术时间126 min(76~160 min),中位术中出血量20 mL(10~50 mL),中位术后住院时间5 d(4~9 d),手术成功率为100%。输尿管狭窄切开自体舌黏膜补片修补术,中位手术时间204 min(154~250 min),中位出血量30 mL(10~100 mL),中位术后住院时间6 d(4~7 d),手术成功率为100%。输尿管狭窄切开阑尾补片修复术,中位手术时间164 min(135~211 min),中位手术出血量75 mL(50~200 mL),中位术后住院日8.5 d(6~12 d),手术成功率为100%。输尿管膀胱再植术,中位手术时间149 min(100~218 min),中位术中出血量20 mL(10~50 mL),中位术后住院日7 d(5~10 d),手术成功率为90.9%。术中精确测量法膀胱悬吊翻瓣术,中位手术时间166 min(137~205 min),中位手术出血45 mL(20~100 mL),中位术后住院时间5 d(4~41 d),手术成功率为83.3%。改良回肠代输尿管手术,中位手术时间270 min(227~335 min),中位术中出血量100 mL(10~100 mL),中位术后住院时间7 d(5~26 d),手术成功率为85.7%。结论: 本研究中单一术者应用机器人辅助腹腔镜开展并改良了多种复杂上尿路修复手术术式,对进一步形成标准化、程序化上尿路修复手术方式提供了参考。     

自体补片技术在输尿管狭窄重建中的研究进展

输尿管狭窄的治疗方式主要取决于狭窄的部位及长度.对于无法通过输尿管端端吻合或离断式肾盂成形术治疗的长段上、中段输尿管狭窄,目前常用的回肠代输尿管术、自体肾移植术均存在一定不足.近年来,泌尿外科医师尝试使用口腔黏膜补片、肠道组织补片以及尿路组织补片等自体补片技术进行输尿管重建.口腔黏膜补片是目前接受度最高的自体补片材料,...     

二次肾盂成形术在复发性肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻中的研究进展

Ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) is characterized by decreased flow of urine down the ureter and increased fluid pressure inside the kidney. Open pyeloplasty had been regarded as the standard management of UPJO for a long time. Laparoscopic pyeloplasty reports high success rates, for both retroperitoneal and transperitoneal approaches, which are comparable to those of open pyeloplasty. However, open and laparoscopic pyeloplasty have yielded disappointing failure rates of 2.5%-10%. The main causes for recurrent UPJO are severe peripelvic and periureteric fibrosis due to urinary extravasation, ureteral ischemia, and inadequate hemostasis. In addition, failing to diagnose lower pole crossing vessels before or during the primary procedure is also responsible for recurrent UPJO. In addition, poor preoperative split renal function, hydronephrosis, presence of renal stones, patient age, diabetes, prior endopyelotomy history, and retrograde pyelography history were considered as predictors of pyeloplasty failure. The failure is usually defined by persistent pain, persistent radiographic obstruction (infection or stones), continued decline in split renal function, or a combination of the above. And the failure of pye-loplasty often occurs in the first 2 years after the surgery. The available options for managing recurrent UPJO with a salvageable renal unit include endopyelotomy, re-do pyeloplasty, stent implantation, percutaneous nephrostomy, ureterocalicostomy, and nephrectomy. Re-do pyeloplasty has such merits as high successful rates and rare complications, compared with endopyelotomy or ureterocalicostomy. And some investigators think that re-do pyeloplasty should be regarded as the gold standard for secondary therapy if feasible. Open pyeloplasty can enlarge the operating field, facilitate the exposure of the ureteropelvic junction, reduce the difficulty of operation, and thus reduce the occurrence of complications. There are no significant differences among the success rates of re-do pyeloplasty under open approach, traditional laparoscopy and robot-assisted laparoscopy, according to previous reports. However, traditional laparoscopic and robot-assisted pyeloplasty give advantages of cosmetology, small trauma, less postoperative pain, speedy recovery and shorter hospitalization, fewer complications and lower recurrent rates. If the primary pyeloplasty is an open operation in retroperitoneal approach, the traditional laparoscopic and robotic operation with retroperitoneal approach should be considered for secondary repair. The cause of recurrent UPJO should be evaluated before surgery and identified intraoperatively to minimize the possibility of recurrence.     

肾部分切除术前CT三维可视化评估标准的初步探究

目的: 探索并构建肾肿瘤行肾部分切除术的CT三维可视化术前评估系统及其应用价值。方法: 回顾性收集北京大学第一医院泌尿外科因肾肿瘤行肾部分切除术患者的临床资料做初步探究,同时收集我国16家临床中心因肾肿瘤行肾部分切除术患者的同质化标准数据,应用CT三维可视化系统(IPS系统,Yorktal)评估肿瘤解剖结构、血供等信息,通过归纳和总结构建评估系统,完成虚拟手术设计及术中辅助导航,指导临床手术。结果: 基于泌尿系增强CT建立三维可视化图像,评分系统纳入肿瘤最长径和体积、肿瘤侵入实质内体积占比、肿瘤侵入实质最大深度、肿瘤与肾实质接触面积、肿瘤肾实质接触面平整度、肿瘤所在肾脏分段位置、肾血管变异情况及肾周脂肪。肿瘤平均二维直径为(2.78±1.43) cm,平均三维最大径为(3.09±1.35) cm,术后病理平均大小(3.01±1.38) cm。三维重建肿瘤最大径与术中肾动脉阻断时间延长、术中出血量显著相关(r=0.502,P=0.020;r=0.403,P=0.046)。三维重建及病理肿瘤体积分别为(25.7±48.4) cm³、(33.0±36.4) cm³(P=0.229),三维重建肿瘤体积与术中出血量显著相关(r=0.660,P<0.001),肿瘤侵入肾实质内体积占比与术中肾动脉阻断时间延长、术后并发症的发生显著相关(r=0.410,P=0.041;r=0.587,P=0.005)。肿瘤与肾实质接触面积及是否存在血管变异与围手术期指标及术后并发症未见相关性。完成术前评估的同时,重建后的三维影像可在Touch Viewer系统上进行缩放、旋转、组合显示、颜色调整、透明化、长度体积自动测量及模拟裁切等操作,满足术前虚拟手术规划及术中辅助导航的要求。结论: 三维图像可提供更加直观的解剖结构,清晰显示肿瘤解剖参数及血供、脂肪等信息,CT三维重建肾肿瘤评价系统可帮助预测肾部分切除术手术难度、围术期并发症等。重建的三维可视化图像导入指定程序或机器人操作系统即可完成虚拟手术及术中辅助导航,帮助手术医师更好地把握手术过程。评分系统所包含的指标及各项指标的分值权重需要通过多中心大样本的研究来证实及完善。