机器人辅助腹腔镜上尿路修复手术:单一术者108例经验总结

目的: 总结分析单一术者机器人辅助腹腔镜上尿路修复手术的技术经验及治疗效果。方法: 回顾性分析2018年11月至2020年1月由单一术者完成的108例机器人辅助腹腔镜上尿路修复手术的临床资料,包括改良后离断肾盂成形术53例、肾盂瓣成形术11例、输尿管狭窄段切除再吻合术11例、输尿管狭窄切开自体舌黏膜修补术5例、输尿管狭窄切开阑尾补片修复术4例、输尿管膀胱再植术11例、术中精确测量法膀胱悬吊翻瓣术6例和改良回肠代输尿管术7例。手术成功定义为主观症状缓解且泌尿系超声提示肾积水缓解。结果: 108例手术均成功完成,无中转普通腹腔镜及开放手术。改良后离断肾盂成形术,中位手术时间141 min(74~368 min),中位出血量20 mL(10~350 mL),中位术后住院时间4 d(3~19 d),手术成功率为94.3%。肾盂瓣成形术,中位手术时间159 min(110~222 min),中位出血量50 mL(20~150 mL),中位术后住院时间5 d(3~8 d),手术成功率为100%。输尿管狭窄段切除再吻合术,中位手术时间126 min(76~160 min),中位术中出血量20 mL(10~50 mL),中位术后住院时间5 d(4~9 d),手术成功率为100%。输尿管狭窄切开自体舌黏膜补片修补术,中位手术时间204 min(154~250 min),中位出血量30 mL(10~100 mL),中位术后住院时间6 d(4~7 d),手术成功率为100%。输尿管狭窄切开阑尾补片修复术,中位手术时间164 min(135~211 min),中位手术出血量75 mL(50~200 mL),中位术后住院日8.5 d(6~12 d),手术成功率为100%。输尿管膀胱再植术,中位手术时间149 min(100~218 min),中位术中出血量20 mL(10~50 mL),中位术后住院日7 d(5~10 d),手术成功率为90.9%。术中精确测量法膀胱悬吊翻瓣术,中位手术时间166 min(137~205 min),中位手术出血45 mL(20~100 mL),中位术后住院时间5 d(4~41 d),手术成功率为83.3%。改良回肠代输尿管手术,中位手术时间270 min(227~335 min),中位术中出血量100 mL(10~100 mL),中位术后住院时间7 d(5~26 d),手术成功率为85.7%。结论: 本研究中单一术者应用机器人辅助腹腔镜开展并改良了多种复杂上尿路修复手术术式,对进一步形成标准化、程序化上尿路修复手术方式提供了参考。     

上尿路微创手术的技术改良

Upper urinary surgery is an important area of urology surgery. Open surgery used to be the gold standard of upper urinary surgery. With the development of medical techniques, minimal invasive surgeries including laparoscopic and robot assisted-laparoscopic surgery have gradually replaced the open surgery. Because of the complexity and diversity of upper urinary diseases, surgeries sometimes are difficult, and minimal invasive surgeries require higher surgical abilities of urologists than open surgeries. In recent years, depending on our surgical experience and international reports, our team from three Chinese medical centers summarizes techniques of upper urinary minimal invasive surgeries. For malignant diseases, such as renal and ureteral carcinomas, it’s important to totally remove the tumor first, and then to avoid the surgical injuries. We summarize surgical experience of retroperitoneal laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for moderately complex renal hilar tumors. Our team modified minimal invasive techniques for some complex tumors, including ring suture technique for renal hilar tumors, internal suspension technique for renal ventral tumors, and combination retroperitoneal laparoscopic surgery with mini-flank incision for complex renal tumors. While for begin diseases, urologists should focus on the resections and surgical injuries at the same time. We have reported the novel technique of laparoscopic aspiration for central renal angiomyolipoma, making the surgery simple and available. For reconstruction surgeries, operations should be based on several principals. We generalize it as “4TB principals”, which include “tension-free”, “water-tight”, “thin suture”, “no touch of the key area” and “protecting the blood supply”. Depending on the localization, length, and etiology of the strictures, different techniques are required. Our team summarize the pyeloplasty, ureteral reimplantation and ileal ureter replacement based on our surgical experience. For infant upper urinary surgeries, our team has made invasive surgeries that can be used in complex diseases, such as duplex kidney. Based on years of surgical techniques, our modified surgeries achieve a better subjective cosmetic result than the traditional surgeries. In the future, the standardized, practical, simple and individual minimal invasive surgical technique will become the main direction in the future researches.     

机器人辅助腹腔镜回肠膀胱扩大术治疗结核性膀胱挛缩的初步经验

因泌尿系结核进展导致的膀胱挛缩常引起尿频、尿急、尿痛,可伴血尿或脓尿,严重者可合并对侧肾积水及肾功能不全,甚至可能危及生命。药物保守治疗往往效果不佳,膀胱扩大术是主要的治疗手段。传统开放手术和腹腔镜手术均取得不错的效果,近年来,机器人平台的出现为术者提供了三维立体视野、更加精细灵活的机械臂,很大程度方便了腔内游离缝合等操作。2019年4月～2019年12月共有3例患者因结核性膀胱挛缩于我中心行机器人辅助腹腔镜回肠膀胱扩大术,男2例,女1例,术前泌尿系超声提示膀胱容量分别为35 mL、78 mL、9.2 mL。3例患者均成功完成机器人辅助腹腔镜回肠膀胱扩大术,无中转开放或普通腹腔镜手术,中位手术时间240(221～273) min,中位术中出血量100(50～200) mL。中位术后住院时间8(6～10) d。术后随访5～13个月,膀胱容量300～450 mL,膀胱顺应性良好,3例患者均经尿道自主排尿,最大尿流率15.6～19.1 mL/s,残余尿0～50 mL。随访期间无结核复发、肾功能不全等并发症发生。综上,我中心初步经验表明机器人回肠膀胱扩大术能有效增加膀胱容量,改善膀胱挛缩引起的...     

二次肾盂成形术在复发性肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻中的研究进展

Ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) is characterized by decreased flow of urine down the ureter and increased fluid pressure inside the kidney. Open pyeloplasty had been regarded as the standard management of UPJO for a long time. Laparoscopic pyeloplasty reports high success rates, for both retroperitoneal and transperitoneal approaches, which are comparable to those of open pyeloplasty. However, open and laparoscopic pyeloplasty have yielded disappointing failure rates of 2.5%-10%. The main causes for recurrent UPJO are severe peripelvic and periureteric fibrosis due to urinary extravasation, ureteral ischemia, and inadequate hemostasis. In addition, failing to diagnose lower pole crossing vessels before or during the primary procedure is also responsible for recurrent UPJO. In addition, poor preoperative split renal function, hydronephrosis, presence of renal stones, patient age, diabetes, prior endopyelotomy history, and retrograde pyelography history were considered as predictors of pyeloplasty failure. The failure is usually defined by persistent pain, persistent radiographic obstruction (infection or stones), continued decline in split renal function, or a combination of the above. And the failure of pye-loplasty often occurs in the first 2 years after the surgery. The available options for managing recurrent UPJO with a salvageable renal unit include endopyelotomy, re-do pyeloplasty, stent implantation, percutaneous nephrostomy, ureterocalicostomy, and nephrectomy. Re-do pyeloplasty has such merits as high successful rates and rare complications, compared with endopyelotomy or ureterocalicostomy. And some investigators think that re-do pyeloplasty should be regarded as the gold standard for secondary therapy if feasible. Open pyeloplasty can enlarge the operating field, facilitate the exposure of the ureteropelvic junction, reduce the difficulty of operation, and thus reduce the occurrence of complications. There are no significant differences among the success rates of re-do pyeloplasty under open approach, traditional laparoscopy and robot-assisted laparoscopy, according to previous reports. However, traditional laparoscopic and robot-assisted pyeloplasty give advantages of cosmetology, small trauma, less postoperative pain, speedy recovery and shorter hospitalization, fewer complications and lower recurrent rates. If the primary pyeloplasty is an open operation in retroperitoneal approach, the traditional laparoscopic and robotic operation with retroperitoneal approach should be considered for secondary repair. The cause of recurrent UPJO should be evaluated before surgery and identified intraoperatively to minimize the possibility of recurrence.     

机器人辅助腹腔镜上尿路修复手术:单一术者108例经验总结

目的: 总结分析单一术者机器人辅助腹腔镜上尿路修复手术的技术经验及治疗效果。方法: 回顾性分析2018年11月至2020年1月由单一术者完成的108例机器人辅助腹腔镜上尿路修复手术的临床资料,包括改良后离断肾盂成形术53例、肾盂瓣成形术11例、输尿管狭窄段切除再吻合术11例、输尿管狭窄切开自体舌黏膜修补术5例、输尿管狭窄切开阑尾补片修复术4例、输尿管膀胱再植术11例、术中精确测量法膀胱悬吊翻瓣术6例和改良回肠代输尿管术7例。手术成功定义为主观症状缓解且泌尿系超声提示肾积水缓解。结果: 108例手术均成功完成,无中转普通腹腔镜及开放手术。改良后离断肾盂成形术,中位手术时间141 min(74~368 min),中位出血量20 mL(10~350 mL),中位术后住院时间4 d(3~19 d),手术成功率为94.3%。肾盂瓣成形术,中位手术时间159 min(110~222 min),中位出血量50 mL(20~150 mL),中位术后住院时间5 d(3~8 d),手术成功率为100%。输尿管狭窄段切除再吻合术,中位手术时间126 min(76~160 min),中位术中出血量20 mL(10~50 mL),中位术后住院时间5 d(4~9 d),手术成功率为100%。输尿管狭窄切开自体舌黏膜补片修补术,中位手术时间204 min(154~250 min),中位出血量30 mL(10~100 mL),中位术后住院时间6 d(4~7 d),手术成功率为100%。输尿管狭窄切开阑尾补片修复术,中位手术时间164 min(135~211 min),中位手术出血量75 mL(50~200 mL),中位术后住院日8.5 d(6~12 d),手术成功率为100%。输尿管膀胱再植术,中位手术时间149 min(100~218 min),中位术中出血量20 mL(10~50 mL),中位术后住院日7 d(5~10 d),手术成功率为90.9%。术中精确测量法膀胱悬吊翻瓣术,中位手术时间166 min(137~205 min),中位手术出血45 mL(20~100 mL),中位术后住院时间5 d(4~41 d),手术成功率为83.3%。改良回肠代输尿管手术,中位手术时间270 min(227~335 min),中位术中出血量100 mL(10~100 mL),中位术后住院时间7 d(5~26 d),手术成功率为85.7%。结论: 本研究中单一术者应用机器人辅助腹腔镜开展并改良了多种复杂上尿路修复手术术式,对进一步形成标准化、程序化上尿路修复手术方式提供了参考。     

二次肾盂成形术在复发性肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻中的研究进展

Ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) is characterized by decreased flow of urine down the ureter and increased fluid pressure inside the kidney. Open pyeloplasty had been regarded as the standard management of UPJO for a long time. Laparoscopic pyeloplasty reports high success rates, for both retroperitoneal and transperitoneal approaches, which are comparable to those of open pyeloplasty. However, open and laparoscopic pyeloplasty have yielded disappointing failure rates of 2.5%-10%. The main causes for recurrent UPJO are severe peripelvic and periureteric fibrosis due to urinary extravasation, ureteral ischemia, and inadequate hemostasis. In addition, failing to diagnose lower pole crossing vessels before or during the primary procedure is also responsible for recurrent UPJO. In addition, poor preoperative split renal function, hydronephrosis, presence of renal stones, patient age, diabetes, prior endopyelotomy history, and retrograde pyelography history were considered as predictors of pyeloplasty failure. The failure is usually defined by persistent pain, persistent radiographic obstruction (infection or stones), continued decline in split renal function, or a combination of the above. And the failure of pye-loplasty often occurs in the first 2 years after the surgery. The available options for managing recurrent UPJO with a salvageable renal unit include endopyelotomy, re-do pyeloplasty, stent implantation, percutaneous nephrostomy, ureterocalicostomy, and nephrectomy. Re-do pyeloplasty has such merits as high successful rates and rare complications, compared with endopyelotomy or ureterocalicostomy. And some investigators think that re-do pyeloplasty should be regarded as the gold standard for secondary therapy if feasible. Open pyeloplasty can enlarge the operating field, facilitate the exposure of the ureteropelvic junction, reduce the difficulty of operation, and thus reduce the occurrence of complications. There are no significant differences among the success rates of re-do pyeloplasty under open approach, traditional laparoscopy and robot-assisted laparoscopy, according to previous reports. However, traditional laparoscopic and robot-assisted pyeloplasty give advantages of cosmetology, small trauma, less postoperative pain, speedy recovery and shorter hospitalization, fewer complications and lower recurrent rates. If the primary pyeloplasty is an open operation in retroperitoneal approach, the traditional laparoscopic and robotic operation with retroperitoneal approach should be considered for secondary repair. The cause of recurrent UPJO should be evaluated before surgery and identified intraoperatively to minimize the possibility of recurrence.     

自体补片技术在输尿管狭窄重建中的研究进展

输尿管狭窄的治疗方式主要取决于狭窄的部位及长度.对于无法通过输尿管端端吻合或离断式肾盂成形术治疗的长段上、中段输尿管狭窄,目前常用的回肠代输尿管术、自体肾移植术均存在一定不足.近年来,泌尿外科医师尝试使用口腔黏膜补片、肠道组织补片以及尿路组织补片等自体补片技术进行输尿管重建.口腔黏膜补片是目前接受度最高的自体补片材料,...     

全腹膜外途径膀胱瓣肾盂吻合自体肾移植术在上尿路尿路上皮癌治疗中的应用

目的:探讨全腹膜外途径膀胱瓣肾盂吻合自体肾移植术治疗上尿路尿路上皮癌的可行性及有效性,总结自体肾移植术在上尿路尿路上皮癌治疗中的应用经验。方法:报道1例行全腹膜外途径膀胱瓣肾盂吻合自体肾移植术治疗上尿路尿路上皮癌的病例,并对相关文献进行回顾总结。本例患者为64岁男性,1年前因右输尿管癌行根治性右肾输尿管切除术,现诊断左输尿管癌(G2,高级别)。为保留患者肾功能,同时考虑到常用保留肾单位手术的局限性,本中心创新性地为该患者行全腹膜外途径腹腔镜左肾切取、左输尿管切除、自体肾移植、膀胱瓣肾盂吻合术。结果:手术过程顺利,无围术期并发症。术后1周肾功能即恢复至术前水平,随访期内肾功能正常,术后3个月行膀胱镜检查未见局部肿瘤复发征象。结论:全腹膜外途径膀胱瓣肾盂吻合自体肾移植术是治疗上尿路尿路上皮癌可行、有效的方法。本创新性术式较以往术式有一定优势,全腹膜外途径手术具有创伤小、并发症少、恢复时间短等优势,且不增加肾热缺血时间;膀胱瓣肾盂吻合具有便于随访、发现早期病变及利于局部治疗等优势。通过本例特点分析及文献回顾,我们认为自体肾移植术对孤立肾上尿路尿路上皮癌或双侧上尿路尿路上皮癌患者来说,是一种可供选择的治疗方式,其具有保留肾功能且能完全切除肿瘤等优点,但目前自体肾移植术治疗上尿路尿路上皮癌缺乏长期随访和大样本研究,对术后肾功能及肿瘤复发的远期评估仍待完善。     

肾部分切除术前CT三维可视化评估标准的初步探究

目的: 探索并构建肾肿瘤行肾部分切除术的CT三维可视化术前评估系统及其应用价值。方法: 回顾性收集北京大学第一医院泌尿外科因肾肿瘤行肾部分切除术患者的临床资料做初步探究,同时收集我国16家临床中心因肾肿瘤行肾部分切除术患者的同质化标准数据,应用CT三维可视化系统(IPS系统,Yorktal)评估肿瘤解剖结构、血供等信息,通过归纳和总结构建评估系统,完成虚拟手术设计及术中辅助导航,指导临床手术。结果: 基于泌尿系增强CT建立三维可视化图像,评分系统纳入肿瘤最长径和体积、肿瘤侵入实质内体积占比、肿瘤侵入实质最大深度、肿瘤与肾实质接触面积、肿瘤肾实质接触面平整度、肿瘤所在肾脏分段位置、肾血管变异情况及肾周脂肪。肿瘤平均二维直径为(2.78±1.43) cm,平均三维最大径为(3.09±1.35) cm,术后病理平均大小(3.01±1.38) cm。三维重建肿瘤最大径与术中肾动脉阻断时间延长、术中出血量显著相关(r=0.502,P=0.020;r=0.403,P=0.046)。三维重建及病理肿瘤体积分别为(25.7±48.4) cm³、(33.0±36.4) cm³(P=0.229),三维重建肿瘤体积与术中出血量显著相关(r=0.660,P<0.001),肿瘤侵入肾实质内体积占比与术中肾动脉阻断时间延长、术后并发症的发生显著相关(r=0.410,P=0.041;r=0.587,P=0.005)。肿瘤与肾实质接触面积及是否存在血管变异与围手术期指标及术后并发症未见相关性。完成术前评估的同时,重建后的三维影像可在Touch Viewer系统上进行缩放、旋转、组合显示、颜色调整、透明化、长度体积自动测量及模拟裁切等操作,满足术前虚拟手术规划及术中辅助导航的要求。结论: 三维图像可提供更加直观的解剖结构,清晰显示肿瘤解剖参数及血供、脂肪等信息,CT三维重建肾肿瘤评价系统可帮助预测肾部分切除术手术难度、围术期并发症等。重建的三维可视化图像导入指定程序或机器人操作系统即可完成虚拟手术及术中辅助导航,帮助手术医师更好地把握手术过程。评分系统所包含的指标及各项指标的分值权重需要通过多中心大样本的研究来证实及完善。