Unsaturated flow phenomena in porous medium as in a trickling filter

The relationship between substrate removal efficiency and dispersion characteristics of biological filters was investigated. Flow measurements were made using tap water and a synthetic feed solution. The importance of changes in fluid regime with regard to the simultaneous transport and reaction within the biological filter was demonstrated. The effect of drop formation and breakage of liquid jets on substrate utilization was shown.     

Effect of weathering on the geomechanical properties of the Miocene basalts in Malatya,Eastern Turkey

Miocene volcanic rocks are widely exposed in the eastern Taurids, Turkey. The geomechanical properties and weathering degree of the Middle–Upper Miocene basalts were determined at the Boztepe dam site in Malatya, eastern Turkey. An engineering geology map of the Boztepe dam site was made and the joint sets and the degree of weathering determined in the field. The degree of weathering and RQD values were obtained on some 1,195 m of core which was then compared with a series of geomechanical tests including unit weight, porosity, water absorption, uniaxial compressive strength and compressive wave velocity. The geomechanical properties were compared with the weathering classifications of ISRM (Rock characterization, testing and monitoring, p 211, 1981) and Kilic (Environ Eng Geosci 4:475–483, 1999)      

Control of Aspergillus flavus with essential oil and methanol extract of Satureja hortensis

The essential oil and methanol extract of Satureja hortensis were tested for antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus in vitro on Petri plates and liquid culture, and under storage conditions. The oil showed strong antifungal activity based on the inhibition zone and minimal inhibitory concentration values against the pathogen on Petri plates assays. The very low concentrations of them also reduced wet and dry mycelium weight of pathogen fungus in liquid culture. When the oils at 25, 12.5 and 6.25 microl/mL concentrations were applied to lemon fruits before seven days of pathogen inoculation on storage conditions, the decay on fruits caused by the pathogen could be prevented completely. The results in this study showed that the essential oil of S. hortensis had strong antifungal activity against pathogen fungi tested. So, the essential oil of S. hortensis could be used for management of this pathogen as a potential source of sustainable eco-friendly botanical fungicides.     

Investigation of UV and I–V characteristics of high refractive index polymer thin film for optoelectronic applications

In this study, high refractive index polymer (HRIP) [poly(pentabromobenzyl methacrylate-co-glycidyl methacrylate)] was investigated to obtain its optical and electrical performance for optoelectronic applications. UV characteristics of the polymer in solution of tetrahydrofuran were obtained and optical band gap energy of the polymer was calculated as 3.8 eV. I–V characteristics of the polymer were investigated after HRIP thin film was prepared using spin coating technique. The electrical parameters such as barrier height Φ_Bo, ideality factor n and reverse saturation current I_o were extracted from the forward biasing I–V characteristics. At the same time, series resistance R_s and Φ_Bo were determined by using a modified Norde function combined with conventional forward I–V method.     

Designing of a powder compressing device with vibration and investigation of compressibility of MgO powders with this device

One of metal matrix composite (MMC) production methods is infiltration of liquid metal into preformed reinforcement. In this method, MMCs are produced by infiltration of liquid metal into preformed reinforcement using one of pressure, vacuum or pressureless (free) infiltration methods. For infiltration purposes, reinforcement materials in different figuration are preformed in desired shape and reinforcement volume ratio. In this study a vibration apparatus has been designed to compress the particulate reinforcement in a tube so that pressure or vacuum infiltration can be carried out. The compressibility of MgO powders with different sizes with this apparatus has also been investigated. It has been found that with this apparatus, it is possible to compress desired number of specimens uniformly at the same time and at the same ratio. It has also been determined that MgO powders can be compressed in different ratio due to particle sizes with this device. Compressing time of 3 min is enough to reach maximum compression ratio in MgO powders.     

Geobag Performance as Scour Countermeasure for Bridge Abutments

This paper presents observations and data from a sequence of laboratory experiments conducted to evaluate geobags as a countermeasure to protect bridge-abutment foundations from failure attributable to scour of the alluvial-river channel in which they are placed. Geobags comprise geotextile cloth bags filled with local sediment or concrete. The experiments focused on the performance of geobags placed as an apron around pile-supported wing-wall abutments retaining erodible embankments, and subject to live-bed and clear-water flow conditions. Though an apron of geobags is shown to substantially reduce or eliminate scour immediately at the abutment, the apron must be formed flexibly of linked geobags. Moreover, a performance concern is that the apron may shift scour to a location flanking or downstream of the apron, and in so doing imperil a nearby pier or riverbank. The experiments indicate the importance of protecting the embankment region beneath and immediately behind the abutment’s pile cap. Live-bed conditions proved to be the more critical for abutment protection, owing to the capacity of dunes to destabilize geobags around the edges of the apron. Design guidelines are given and include using current riprap configurations for sizing and placing geobags.     

Poly(methyl methacrylate)/POSS hybrid networks by type II photoinitiated free radical polymerization

A new strategy for organic–inorganic hybrid networks is presented through in‐situ Type II photoinitiated polymerization of methyl methacrylate with diethanolamino‐functionalized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS‐DEA). The diethanolamino groups are simply incorporated onto POSS nanoparticles by nucleophilic ring‐opening reaction of commercially available epoxycyclohexyl POSS and diethanol amine. The photoinitiated polymerization of methyl methacrylate in the presence of benzophenone as photosensitizer and POSS‐DEA as hydrogen donor leads to poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/POSS hybrid networks under UV light irradiation. The morphology and thermal properties of hybrid networks are investigated by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and transmission electron microscopy. The morphology results confirm that POSS cages are homogeneously distributed in PMMA matrix at the molecular levels, whereas the thermal analyses shows that the obtained hybrid networks have higher glass transition temperatures and better thermal stabilities compared to parent PMMA homopolymer. POLYM. COMPOS., 35:1614–1620, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Reliability estimation of washing machine spider assembly via classification

This paper presents a study on the reliability estimation of the spider assembly of the front loading washing machine. To achieve the analytical certification of the current design of the spider assembly of the washing machine, fatigue life test, finite element analysis, physical experimentation, and a classification processes were conducted. First, the conventional finite element analysis and fatigue life analysis were conducted and their simulation results have been validated by physical experiments in this research. The probability of failure is estimated by a classification process. Specifically, the probabilistic neural network classifier is incorporated into the simulation process to reduce the number of finite element analysis calculations while ensuring the prediction accuracy of the failure probability. Based on the estimated failure probability and other structural analysis results, the margin of the performance of the spider assembly is fully identified.     

Investigation of using possibility of grape pomace in wafer sheet for wheat flour substitution

In this study, grape pomace (GP), a by-product consisting of grape skins and seeds rich in dietary fibres and polyphenols, was used in wafer sheets at different concentrations [5.00 (GP5), 10.0 (GP10), and 15.0 g 100 g⁻¹ (GP15)] for the partial replacement of wheat flour (WF) and improve the functionality of wafer sheets. The GP inclusion at concentrations higher than 5.00 g 100 g⁻¹ significantly affected the texture of sheets as well as the flow behaviour of batters, resulting in softer sheets and more viscous batters (P < 0.05). Moisture contents did not significantly change after GP addition (P > 0.05). After the addition of GP, the L* values decreased and the a* values increased, making the wafers darker (P < 0.05). Moreover, under simulated in vitro digestion conditions, the bioaccessibility of total phenolic compounds in saliva, gastric juice, and intestinal juice was significantly higher than control even at the lowest GP concentration (P < 0.05). Regarding sensory properties, only smoothness and crispness were significantly affected by GP addition, and samples were found to be crisper with higher concentrations of GP. In conclusion, it is possible to partially replace the WF in wafers with GP at a concentration of 5.00 g 100 g⁻¹ to develop a product with higher functionality and nutrient content.