Dielectric and optical properties of polymer-liquid crystal composite

Dielectric properties of polymer-liquid crystal mixture, having constituent polymer, poly-butyl methacrylate (PBMA) and liquid crystal, cholesteryl nonanoate, are reported as a function of frequency and temperature. The measurement has been done in a temperature range of 300-375 K and frequency range of 100 Hz-10 MHz. The dielectric permittivity and dielectric loss shows significant changes with the addition of polymer molecules in liquid crystal. The significant feature of composite formation is that the pure liquid crystal and polymer do not show dielectric relaxation in the frequency range covered, while the composite shows relaxation peak at a particular frequency. The optical transmittance of pure liquid crystal and composite has also been measured and compared.     

Multibody dynamics of aircraft occupants seated behind interior walls

To improve aircraft crash safety, conditions critical to occupants survival during a crash must be known. In view of the importance of this problem, studies of post-crash dynamic behavior of victims are necessary in order to reduce severe injuries. In this study, crash dynamics program SOM-LA/TA, incorporating a dynamic model of the human body with a finite element model of the seat structure was used. Modifications were performed in the program for reconstruction of an occupant's head impact with the interior walls or bulkhead. A viscoelastic-type contact force model was used to represent the compliance characteristics of the bulkhead. Correlated studies of analytical simulations with impact sled test results were accomplished. A parametric study of the coefficients in the contact force model was then performed in order to obtain the correlations between the coefficients and the Head Injury Criteria. A measure of optimal values for the bulkhead compliance and displacement requirements was thus achieved in order to keep the possibility of a head injury as little as possible. This information could in turn be used in the selection of suitable materials for the bulkhead, instrument panel, or interior walls of an aircraft.     

Electronic, cyclic voltammetry, IR and EPR spectral studies of copper(II) complexes with 12-membered N4, N2O2 and N2S2 donor macrocyclic ligands

A new series of copper(II) complexes have been synthesized with macrocyclic ligands having three different donating atoms in the macrocyclic ring. It has been shown that the stereochemistry of complexes is dependent on the coordinated anions. These complexes are characterized by various physicochemical techniques, viz. elemental analysis, molar conductance, magnetic susceptibility measurements, IR, electronic, 1H NMR and EPR spectral studies. Cyclic voltammetric behavior of the complexes has also been discussed. The observed anisotropic g-values indicate that the chloro and acetato complexes are six-coordinate tetragonal. Whereas the sulfato and nitrato complexes are found to have five-coordinate square-pyramidal and four-coordinate square-planar geometry, respectively.     

General solution for Poisson-Boltzmann equation in semiinfinite planar symmetry

Self-assembled multilayer thin films have been prepared on Au substrate by alternate surface derivatization with L-cysteine hydrochloride and cupric perchlorate. The layer-by-layer structure at each step of multilayer formation was investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The measurements indicate that there are two structure modes in the multilayers. One is that Cu(2+) sandwiches between two amino acid groups. The other one is that Cu(+) is bonded through disulfide and thiolate. This process is also confirmed by cyclic voltammetry of Cu ion at different self-assembled multilayers. Steps further on will lead to repeated multilayer films.     

Development of a pH titration method for the simultaneous determination of uranium,nitrate and free-acid in the feed solution of the sol-gel process of nuclear fuel fabrication

pH titration curves generated by slow addition of alkali to solutions containing varying concentrations of uranyl nitrate and nitric acid were studied using an autotitrator linked to a personal computer. A procedure with multiple choice of equations has been developed for the estimation of free acid, nitrate and uranium in pure uranyl nitrate solution by a single titration. The technique provides a simple single-step method with required accuracy and precision for the simultaneous estimation of the three quantities in the uranyl nitrate feed solution of the sol-gel process for making UO₃ microspheres. The relative standard deviations in the determination of uranium and nitrate were ±0.82% and ±1.52%, respectively, in 15 determinations.     

Design and optimization of on-chip capillary electrophoresis

We present a systematic, experimentally validated method of designing electrokinetic injections for on-chip capillary electrophoresis applications. This method can be used to predict point-wise and charge-coupled device (CCD)-imaged electropherograms using estimates of species mobilities, diffusivities and initial sample plug parameters. A simple Taylor dispersion model is used to characterize electrophoretic separations in terms of resolution and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Detection convolutions using Gaussian and Boxcar detector response functions are used to relate optimal conditions for resolution and signal as a function of relevant system parameters including electroosmotic mobility, sample injection length, detector length scale, and the length-to-detector. Analytical solutions show a tradeoff between signal-to-noise ratio and resolution with respect to dimensionless injection width and length to the detector. In contrast, there is no tradeoff with respect to the Peclet number as increases in Peclet number favor both SNR and separation solution (R). We validate our model with quantitative epifluorescence visualizations of electrophoretic separation experiments in a simple cross channel microchip. For the pure advection regime of dispersion, we use numerical simulations of the transient convective diffusion processes associated with electrokinetics together with an optimization algorithm to design a voltage control scheme which produces an injection plug that has minimal advective dispersion. We also validate this optimal injection scheme using fluorescence visualizations. These validations show that optimized voltage scheme produces injections with a standard deviation less than one-fifth of the width of the microchannel.     

Chapter 11 Simulation studies of efficiency,returns to scale and misspecification with nonlinear functions in DEA

Using statistically designed experiments, 12,500 observations are generated from a 4-pieced Cobb-Douglas function exhibiting increasing and decreasing returns to scale in its different pieces. Performances of DEA and frontier regressions represented by COLS (Corrected Ordinary Least Squares) are compared at sample sizes ofn=50, 100, 150 and 200. Statistical consistency is exhibited, with performances improving as sample sizes increase. Both DEA and COLS generally give good results at all sample sizes. In evaluating efficiency, DEA generally shows superior performance, with BCC models being best (except at corner points), followed by the CCR model and then by COLS, with log-linear regressions performing better than their translog counterparts at almost all sample sizes. Because of the need to consider locally varying behavior, only the CCR and translog models are used for returns to scale, with CCR being the better performer. An additional set of 7,500 observations were generated under conditions that made it possible to compare efficiency evaluations in the presence of collinearity and with model misspecification in the form of added and omitted variables. Results were similar to the larger experiment: the BCC model is the best performer. However, COLS exhibited surprisingly good performances — which suggests that COLS may have previously unidentified robustness properties — while the CCR model is the poorest performer when one of the variables used to generate the observations is omitted.     

An Einstein-Gödel universe

The metric for the standard static Einstein model of the universe can be expressed in coordinates for which a congruence of spacelike world lines of the model will be twisting. A method of shifting the twist has been devised by which the twist on spacelike world lines is shifted onto the timelike world lines. The model universe then becomes Gödel's model. A combined Einstein-Gödel model containing a parameter is obtained. Switching from +1 to –1 will effect the shift of twist in the world lines and lead from the Einstein model to the Gödel model.     

Heat transfer errors in quantitative differential thermal analysis

A DTA apparatus has been built to examine some of the errors neglected in present quantitative DTA. The heat transfer characteristics within DTA systems were found to limit in situ measurements of powder thermal conductivity. It was also demonstrated that the negligence of heat lost to the DTA block from the sample cell during an exothermic reaction and heat gained from the DTA block by the sample cell during endothermic reactions lead to large errors in quantitative estimations. A modified double differential thermocouple DTA was designed to take these heat losses into account. The apparatus was calibrated with CaCO₃ and kaolinite endotherms and the kaolinite exotherm and tested on the SrCO₃ rhombic trigonal inversion endotherm. The result was found to be in good agreement with accepted literature values.

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Zusammenfassung Ein DTA-Apparatur wurde gebaut um einige in der gegenwärtig üblichen quantitativen DTA vernachlässigte Fehler zu prüfen. Es wurde gefunden, daß die Wärmeübertragungscharakteristika in DTA-Systemen die in situ Messungen der Wärmeleitfähigkeit von Pulvern begrenzen. Es wurde ebenfalls gezeigt, daß die Vernachlässigung von Wärmeverlusten der Probezelle an den DTA-Block bei exothermen Reaktionen und vom Wärmegewinn der Probezelle vom DTA-Block bei endothermen Reaktionen zu bedeutenden Fehlern in den quantitativen Bestimmungen führt. Ein DTA-Gerät mit doppeltem Differentialthermoelement wurde entworfen um diese Wärmeverluste zu berücksichtigen. Der Apparat wurde mittels der endothermen Reaktionen von CaCO₃ und Kaolinit, bzw. mittels der exothermen Reaktion von Kaolinit geeicht und an der Inversion von rhombischem zu trigonalem SrCO₃ erprobt.

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Résumé On a réalisé un appareil ATD pour étudier certaines erreurs négligées jusqu'à présent en ATD quantitative. On a trouvé ainsi que les caractéristiques du transfert de chaleur limitent la mesure in situ de la conductivité thermique des poudres. On montre également que le fait de négliger les échanges de chaleur entre la cellule renfermant l'échantillon et le bloc ATD (pertes ou gains de chaleur suivant que les réactions sont exothermiques ou endothermiques) conduit à des erreurs considérables dans les dosages. Un double thermocouple différentiel a été conçu pour tenir compte de ces pertes. L'étalonnage de l'appareil a été ré alisé à l'aide des réactions endothermiques de CaCO₃ et de la kaolinite et contrôlé avec la transition endothermique de SrCO₃ (rhomboédrique-trigonal).

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DTA , DTA. , DTA . , , DTA DTA . , . CaCO₃ SrCO₃.

     

A convenient stereoselective synthesis of (R)-(−)-denopamine and (R)-(−)-salmeterol

β-Adrenoreceptor agonists (R)-(−)-denopamine (R)-1 and (R)-(−)-salmeterol (R)-2 have been prepared in good overall yield and high enantioselectivity through a biotransformative pathway.