Promise of commercialization: Carbon materials for low-cost perovskite solar cells

Perovskite solar cells(PVSCs) have attracted extensive studies due to their high power conversion efficiency(PCE)with low-cost in both raw material and processes. However, there remain obstacles that hinder the way to their commercialization. Among many drawbacks in PVSCs, we note the problems brought by the use of noble metal counter electrodes(CEs) such as gold and silver. The costly Au and Ag need high energy-consumption thermal evaporation process which can be made only with expensive evaporation equipment under vacuum. All the factors elevate the threshold of PVSCs' commercialization. Carbon material, on the other hand, is a readily available electrode candidate for the application as CE in the PVSCs. In this review, endeavors on PVSCs with low-cost carbon materials will be comprehensively discussed based on different device structures and carbon compositions. We believe that the PVSCs with carbon-based CE hold the promise of commercialization of this new technology.     

微波消解植物灰分与环境土壤中微量元素的ICP-AES方法研究

应用MDS-2002A犁压力自控密闭微波消解样品制备系统,针对研究样品的特性和共性,进行植物灰分和土壤样品相同微波消解条件的研究实验,并采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定其元素的含量.讨论了混合酸体系、混酸配比、固液比和微波消解时间对于样品制备结果的影响.最终的优选方案为A281C2,即微波程序为工步2,混酸配比为6:2:1:1,混合酸体系为HNO3-HCl-HF-HClO4,最高功率消解时间为10 min的条件下,消解结果最佳.在微波消解最佳条件下,进行了方法准确度实验和测量结果重现性实验,该方法经土壤(GBW07401)和植物(GBW07603)国家标准物质验证,所得测试结果的相对误差均在0.00%～7.14%之间,相对标准偏差均在0.87%～5.25%之间.结果表明,微波消解法处理植物灰分和土壤样品,具有快速、简便、节省试剂、消解完全等特点,测定结果的准确度和精密度令人满意.     

用于混响中信号检测的空时预白化处理器

提出了一种新型的空时预白化处理器用于抑制混响,它是基于二维自回归模型的。这种处理器将接收到的数据从空间和时间上联合进行处理,进而分离目标回波和混响。这种方法较传统的从空间和时间上分别进行处理的方法能够更有效的抑制混响。通过与传统的一维自回归预白化处理器相比较,使用空时预白化处理器后的检测效果提高了约9~11 dB。      

一种WYL型谱共轭梯度法的全局收敛性

为解决大规模无约束优化问题,该文结合WYL共轭梯度法和谱共轭梯度法,给出了一种WYL型谱共轭梯度法.在不依赖于任何线搜索的条件下,该方法产生的搜索方向均满足充分下降性,且在强Wolfe线搜索下证明了该方法的全局收敛性.与WYL共轭梯度法的收敛性相比,WYL型谱共轭梯度法推广了线搜索中参数σ的取值范围.最后,相应的数值结果表明了该方法是有效的.     

钛宝石飞秒激光器中孤子分子的内部动态探测

孤子是自然界中一种基本的非线性波动传递形式,孤子间的相互作用能够映射出复杂非线性系统的多体动力学过程,具有重要的基础研究价值.被动锁模激光器是研究孤子相互作用的理想平台.光孤子之间的吸引、排斥作用能够形成孤子分子,而时间拉伸色散傅里叶变换(TS-DFT)技术使得实时探测孤子分子动力学成为可能.基于TS-DFT技术,本文实验研究了钛宝石飞秒激光器产生的孤子分子的内部动态,通过改变抽运功率,分别观察到了间隔为180 fs的稳定的孤子分子和间隔为105 fs的具有微弱相位振荡的孤子分子,后者的振动幅度仅为0.05 rad.实验发现受到环境影响,稳定态的孤子分子还能够转变为相位滑动状态.这些间隔为百飞秒量级的光学孤子分子对于研究孤子的近程非线性相互作用具有突出的意义.     

Generation of cylindrical vector beams in a mode-locked fiber laser using a mode-selective coupler

We experimentally obtain cylindrical vector beams(CVBs) in a passively mode-locked fiber laser based on nonlinear polarization rotation. A mode-selective coupler composed of both a single-mode fiber(SMF) and a twomode fiber(TMF) is incorporated into the cavity to act as a mode converter from LP01 mode to LP11 mode with broad spectral bandwidth. CVBs in different mode-locked states including single-pulse, multi-pulse, and bound pulse are obtained, for the first time to our best knowledge. The ultrafast CVBs with different operation states have potential applications in many fields such as laser beam machining, nanoparticle manipulation, and so on.