青蒿琥酯皮肤擦剂在小鼠和兔体内的药代动力学研究

将青蒿琥酯溶于苯二甲酸二甲酯,加适量氨酮制成皮肤擦剂。给兔脱毛后,皮肤涂抹此擦剂25mg/kg后,血药浓度达峰时间平均为2 h,峰浓度平均为1.80μg/ml。药物在兔体内平均驻留时间为3.54 h,清除半衰期约为2.46 h。给小鼠脱毛皮肤涂抹擦剂6.7,31.3和71.4 mg/kg,血药浓度在给药后0.5～4 h达高峰,峰浓度分别为0.82,2.05和7.11μg/ml,体内药物平均驻留时间为3.39,2.79及3.54 h,清除半衰期为2.35,1.93及2.45 h。可见,给兔及小鼠皮肤擦剂后,青蒿琥酯吸收良好,血药浓度维持时间较长。     

How Frequent Are Asthma Exacerbations in a Pediatric Primary Care Setting and Do Written Asthma Action Plans Help in Their Management?

Purpose. In the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma, the expert panel recommends that a written asthma action plan be provided for all patients with asthma. Studies evaluating the usefulness of the asthma action plan in children are limited. We aim to determine exacerbation frequency and usefulness of the asthma action plan in managing exacerbations that occur in a pediatric primary care setting. Methods. Caretakers of asthmatic children attending the general pediatric clinic in an inner-city hospital completed a one-page questionnaire covering topics such as asthma severity, frequency of exacerbations, and possession/usefulness of an asthma action plan. Although controversy exists over the definition of yellow and red zone exacerbations, we defined the yellow zone as symptoms that require albuterol more than three times a day or more than two nights in succession. The red zone was defined as symptoms requiring systemic corticosteroids and/or an urgent physician visit. Results. Seventy of 75 subjects completed the survey. Almost 80% of respondents carried the diagnosis of persistent asthma, whereas the remainder had intermittent asthma. Exacerbation frequency over a 3-month period was determined. Approximately 80% of children experienced at least one yellow zone episode: 42% had one or two yellow zone episodes, and 39.6% had between three and five episodes. Sixty-three percent of patients did not experience a single red zone exacerbation. Almost 75% (44 of 59) of subjects possessed an asthma action plan. Ninety percent (37 of 41) of respondents with action plans found the plan to be useful in managing exacerbations. Conclusion. Approximately four of every five asthmatic children seen in this primary care setting experienced a yellow zone exacerbation at least once during a 3-month period. One third experienced at least one red zone episode. Nine of every 10 caretakers with an action plan reported the asthma action plan to be of value in managing exacerbations.     

Reversible Adsorption of Soluble Hexameric Insulin onto the Surface of Insulin Crystals Cocrystallized with Protamine: An Electrostatic Interaction

Mixing pharmaceutical preparations of soluble neutral regular insulin solution (NRI) and neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) crystalline insulin suspension leads to a reduction in the measurable amount of soluble insulin in the formulation supernatant. However in spite of the loss in soluble insulin, the time-actions of these components have been shown, in clinical trials, to be unaffected. The interaction between these different physical forms of insulin has been studied using reversed-phase HPLC, isothermal titrating calorimetry, and Doppler electrophoretic light scattering analysis. Sorbent surface and solution perturbation studies revealed that the NRI adsorbs to the surface of the NPH crystal with an equilibrium constant ranging from 10⁴ M^–1 to 10⁷ M^–!, depending on the protamine concentration, pH, ionic strength, and temperature. This adsorption behavior suggests that the binding is mediated by electrostatic interactions arising between the positively-charged NPH crystal and the negatively-charged NRI hexamer. Doppler electrophoretic light scattering results, used to probe the pH-dependent surface charge of NPH and soluble insulin hexamer, support the conclusion that electrostatic interactions mediate the adsorption process. Adsorption studies under physiological conditions indicate that the elevated temperature and ionic strength, in a subcutaneous depot, are sufficient to lead to the dissociation of the NRI/NPH complex that exists in these NPH mixture formulations.     

Chronic effect of endosulfan on the testicular functions of rat

Aim: To find out the toxic effect of endosulfan on the tesficular function of pubertal rats, Methods: Male rats of pu-bertal age were orally administered endosulfan at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg body weight for 30 days. Twenty-four hours af-ter the last tmagnent, the rats were sacrificed and the testis, epididymis, seminal vesicles and ventral prostate were re-moved and weighed. A 10 % testicular homogenate was prepared for biochemical estimations. Results: In endosul-fan-treated rats, there were a reduction in the body weight and the weights of testis and accessory sex organs, a de-crease in the testicular lactate and pyruvate activities, and in the testicular DNA and RNA concentrations, whereas thetesticular protein concentration was slightly increased; the specific activity of testicular steroidogenic enzyme, 33OH-steroid dehydrogenase and the ascorbic acid level were decreased, which were correlated with a decrease in steroidoge-nesis. The lysosomal enzyme acid phosphatase and brush-border enzyme alkaline phosphatase activities were also de-creased in the testis of treated rats. Conclusion: In puhertal rats, endosulfan treaanent inhibits the testicular functions.(Asian J Androl 1999 Dec; 1 : 203 - 206)     

Chronic berylliosis of the lung: report of a case

We report a case of chronic berylliosis of the lung in a patient who was exposed to copper beryllium alloy, which was mistaken and being treated as miliary tuberculosis. The relevant literature is reviewed.     

Visual impairment in children with multiple disabilities in schools for children with special needs in South India

Purpose:To understand/assess ocular and functional vision impairment in children with multiple disabilities with a functional vision assessment battery in addition to standard ophthalmic examinations in an outreach setting.Methods:Seven schools for children with special needs, 243 children in total, were screened for ocular disorders and functional vision impairment through school camps.Results:Among them, 37% had refractive errors needing spectacle correction. With standard ocular testing methods, the visual impairment was around 32%, but when functional vision was assessed, the functional vision impairment amounted to 70% in these children. The presence of functional vision impairment was found to be independent of the associated disability. Assessment of visual capacities such as visual closure, saccade pursuits, optic ataxia, and developmental milestones early on can help in suspecting the presence of CVIConclusion:Children with multiple disabilities are more at risk of functional vision impairment, which significantly impairs their ability to function in daily life. A complete functional vision assessment becomes essential to plan early intervention for these children. The significant proportion of vision impairment and functional vision loss in our study indicates the need for coordinated structured programs to address vision-related problems in children with multiple disabilities.