Über die diffuse zentrale Schwannose und das zentrale Neurinom

Zusammenfassung Die Autoren berichten über dem Formenkreis der zentralen Recklinghausenschen Krankheit zugehörige seltene Geschwulstarten und vergleichen dieselben untereinander. Fall 1 entspricht der als Seltenheit in der Weltliteratur bekannten Foerster-Gagelschen diffusen zentralen Schwannose — obzwar durch die Untersuchung, besonders bei Anwendung der spezifischen Versilberungsmethoden, die morphologischen Züge von der Tumorzelle nachgewiesen werden konnten und hiermit bewiesen wurde, daß es sich um eine diffuse, das ganze Zentralnervensystem überschwemmende Überproduktion von die verschiedenen Entwicklungsstufen der Makroglia verkörpernden Zellen handelt. Vom Gesichtspunkt einer genetischen Deutung ist der Vergleich des 1. Falles mit Fall 2, welcher einen typischen, jedoch stark betonten zentralen Recklinghausen darstellt. Aus alldem wird gefolgert, daß all diese Veränderungen die Ergebnisse einer Hyperfunktion der in der Nähe der Kammeroberfläche tätigen Matrix sein dürften.     

Musterberufsordnung für die Psychologischen Psychotherapeuten und Kinder- und Jugendlichenpsychotherapeuten. Text und Kommentierung.

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Low molecular weight heparin and prevention of postoperative thrombosis in abdominal surgery.

In a prospective, double-blind, randomized multicenter trial the efficacy and safety of low molecular weight heparin and unfractionated heparin were compared for the prevention of postoperative deep vein thrombosis in patients undergoing abdominal surgery. Six hundred and seventy-three patients were randomly allocated to the two prophylaxis groups; 20 of these, however, did not undergo surgery and did not receive any prophylaxis. Of the remaining 653 patients 323 received one subcutaneous injection of 3,000 anti-Xa units of low molecular weight heparin and 330 received subcutaneously 5,000 U heparin three times a day. Treatment was initiated 2 h preoperatively and continued for 7 to 10 days. The occurrence of DVT was determined by the 125I-labelled fibrinogen uptake test and phlebography. Venous thrombosis was diagnosed in 24 of 323 patients (7.4%) treated with low molecular weight heparin and in 26 of 330 patients (7.9%) treated with low-dose heparin. DVT of proximal veins was detected in four patients of the low molecular weight heparin group and in three patients of the low-dose heparin group. During the observation period three pulmonary emboli - one fatal and two non-fatal - occurred in patients receiving prophylaxis with low-dose heparin. No pulmonary embolism was found in patients treated with low molecular weight heparin. Both prophylactic schemes were well tolerated. Intra- and postoperative blood loss, incidence of wound hematoma, frequency and volume of intra- and postoperative blood transfusion were similar in both groups with a slight advantage for the low molecular weight heparin group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Interaction of thiamine deficiency and voluntary alcohol consumption disrupts rat corpus callosum ultrastructure.

The relative roles of alcohol and thiamine deficiency in causing brain damage remain controversial in alcoholics without the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. Experimental control over alcohol consumption and diet are impossible in humans but can be accomplished in animal models. This experiment was designed to differentiate the separate and combined effects on the macro- and ultrastructure of the corpus callosum of thiamine deficiency and voluntary alcohol consumption. Adult male alcohol-preferring (P) rats (9 chronically alcohol-exposed and 9 water controls) received a thiamine-deficient diet for 2 weeks. There were four groups: five rats previously exposed to alcohol were treated with pyrithiamine (a thiamine phosphorylation inhibitor); five rats never exposed to alcohol were treated with pyrithiamine; four alcohol-exposed rats were treated with thiamine; and four rats never exposed to alcohol were treated with thiamine. On day 14, thiamine was restored in all 18 rats; 2 weeks later the 10 pyrithiamine-treated rats received intraperitoneal thiamine. The rats were perfused 61 days post-pyrithiamine treatment at age 598 days. Brains were dissected and weight and volumes were calculated. Sagittal sections were stained to measure white matter structures. The corpus callosum was examined using transmission electron microscopy to determine density of myelinated fibers, fiber diameter, and myelin thickness. The corpus callosum in the alcohol/pyrithiamine group was significantly thinner, had greater fiber density, higher percentage of small fibers, and myelin thinning than in the alcohol/thiamine and water/thiamine groups. Several measures showed a graded effect, where the alcohol/pyrithiamine group had greater pathology than the water/pyrithiamine group, which had greater pathology than the two thiamine-replete groups. Across all 16 rats, thinner myelin sheaths correlated with higher percentage of small fibers. Myelin thickness and axon diameter together accounted for 71% of the variance associated with percentage of small fibers. Significant abnormalities in the alcohol/pyrithiamine group and lack of abnormality in the alcohol-exposed/thiamine-replete group indicate that thiamine deficiency caused white matter damage. The graded abnormalities across the dually to singly treated animals support a compounding effect of alcohol exposure and thiamine depletion, and indicate the potential for interaction between alcohol and thiamine deficiency in human alcohol-related brain damage.     

Irritant principles of the mezereon family (Thymelaeaceae), V. New skin irritants and tumor promoters of the daphnane and 1 alpha-alkyldaphnane type from Synaptolepis kirkii and Synaptolepis retusa

Seventeen mostly new, skin irritant diterpene esters (DTE) of the daphnane and 1 alpha-alkyldaphnane types were isolated from roots of Synaptolepis kirkii and Synaptolepis retusa. The parent alcohols of the daphnane types are shown to be 5 beta-hydroxyresiniferonol-6 alpha,7 alpha-oxide [1] and 5 beta, 12 beta-dihydroxyresiniferonol-6 alpha,7 alpha-oxide [2]. Ten of the daphnane types are 9,13,14-orthoesters and three are conventional esters involving tertiary or secondary hydroxyl groups at C-13 or C-14, respectively. The latter may be considered immediate precursors of corresponding orthoesters. The four 1 alpha-alkyldaphnane types are intramolecular 9,13,14-ortho-(2-hexadecenoic acid)-esters in which, formally, the second to last C atom of the orthoester moiety is linked covalently to C-1 alpha of the diterpene parent alcohols 1 or 2. Thus, in the new structure, a macrocyclic ring bridges the alpha side of the diterpene moiety in an "ansa" type manner. The irritancies on the mouse ear of the DTE obtained cover a wide range (I24 = 0.05-670 nmole-1). Some of them are considerably more irritant than the daphnane type standard simplexin. Structure/activity investigations reveal that an ester group instead of a free hydroxyl group at C-20 ("cryptic types"), or presence of a hydroxy or an acetoxy group in position 12 diminishes the irritancies of the daphnane types isolated, similar to what is known in corresponding tigliane types. In the standardized initiation/promotion protocol on the back skin of mice, some of the irritant DTE exhibit tumor-promoting activities higher than that of simplexin.     

Effect of amiloride on electrolyte concentrations and rubidium uptake in principal and mitochondria-rich cells of frog skin

The role of mitochondria-rich cells (MR cells) in transepithelial Na transport was investigated by determining electrolyte concentrations and Rb uptake in individual cells of frog skin epithelium using electron microprobe analysis. Measurements were performed under control conditions and after blocking the transepithelial Na transport with amiloride. Under control conditions, Na and Cl concentrations of MR cells scattered much more than those of principal cells and ranged from a few up to more than 30 mmol/kg wet weight. Rb uptake from the basal side into individual MR cells also showed a large variation and was, on the average, much less pronounced than into the principal cells. In principal cells, amiloride reduced the Na concentration and Rb accumulation. In contrast, no effect was observed upon electrolyte concentration and Rb uptake of MR cells. Rb uptake was correlated to the Na concentration of MR cells both under control conditions and after amiloride. It is concluded that, in contrast to the principal cells, MR cells are not involved in amiloride-sensitive transepithelial Na transport and that their Na/K-pump activity is very low.     

P300 and Long-Term Memory: Latency Predicts Recognition Performance

The study-test paradigm was used to investigate memory acquisition processes and the effects of repetition on long-term recognition memory. In this procedure, subjects are presented with a list of words (“targets”) to be memorized (Study series). They are later tested for recognition on a word list comprised of the target words mixed randomly with an equal number of new, distractor words (Test series). Both reaction time and the P300 component of the event-related brain potential were used as measures of processing time. During the Study series, large P300s were elicited despite a word category probability of 1.0. When the words from the Study series were divided on the basis of recognition performance, words that were subsequently recognized elicited P300s with shorter latencies than unrecognized words. P300 amplitude to words in the Study series increased with repetition while maintaining a constant latency. During the Test series, P300 latency and reaction time decreased with repetition for both target and distractor words. P300 amplitude to all words increased substantially over Test repetitions with target words eliciting larger P300s than distractor words. Words that were recognized more consistently during the Test series elicited larger and earlier P300s than words that were recognized less consistently. The P300 amplitude and latency results from both the Study and Test series are interpreted as reflecting the increased discriminability of the target words as the memory trace increases in strength.     

The osmotic behaviour of toad skin epithelium (Bufo viridis)

The effect of saline adaptation on the intracellular Na, K, Cl, P concentrations and dry weight content of the toad skin epithelium (Bufo viridis) was studied using the technique of electron microprobe analysis. The measurements were performed on isolated abdominal skins either directly after dissection or after additional incubation in Ussing-type chambers.Adaptations of the toads to increasing NaCl concentrations for 7 days resulted in increased blood plasma osmolarity and a parallel increase in the cellular electrolyte, P and dry weight concentrations of the epithelium, the K increase representing the most significant fraction of the intracellular osmolarity increase. No evidence was obtained to show that the nucleus and cytoplasm reacted differently from each other and all living epithelial cell types basically showed the same response.Incubation of the isolated skins under control conditions showed a drastic inhibition of the transepithelial Na transport after adaptation to high salinities. In spite of the large variations in the transport rate almost identical intracellular electrolyte concentrations were observed. In tap water adapted toads the average cellular concentrations were 8.8 mmole/kg wet weight for Na, 109.6 for K, 41.5 for Cl, and 135.3 for P, respectively. Incubation of the skin with Ringer's solution of different osmolarities demonstrated that the epithelial cells are in osmotic equilibrium with the inner bathing solution. The results are consistent with the view that the osmotic adaptation is mainly accomplished by the movement of water.This work was supported by grants from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and the Stiftung Volkswagenwerk     

Influences of chorion type on measurements of the corpus callosum in adult monozygotic male twins?

MRI imaging was used to estimate volumes of corpus callosum structure in 45 pairs of identical (monozygotic, MZ) twins from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) twin study. Age range of the study subjects was from 68–78 years. Finger, palm, and footprint data (dermatoglyphics) collected at previous examinations of the NHLBI twin study were available for 39 pairs. The dermatoglyphics were scored for an index to retrospectively assess chorion type in MZ twin‐pairs. The results indicated an association between variability in various structures of the corpus callosum with some of these dermatoglyphic traits, suggesting greater structural variation within pairs with dichorionic placentas. In contrast, total intracranial volume, which has similar heritability estimates as a result of shared genetic effects with the corpus callosum, was unrelated to the dermatoglyphic traits. The results provide indirect evidence that the intrauterine environment may influence twin‐pair similarity of corpus callosum measures in adults. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 14:338–346, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.