应用抗菌药物防治外科感染的指导意见（草案）Ⅻ——胰肾联合移植术后感染的防治

胰肾联合移植手术(SPK)是治疗糖尿病合并终末期肾病的最有效手段之一。同所有器官移植术后患者相似，SPK术后患者面临两大问题：一是随时可能出现的移植物排斥反应，二是感染。由于SPK患者术前已经罹患糖尿病，术后又接受免疫抑制治疗，因而感染在目前仍是造成移植物丧失功能甚至危及患者生命的主要原因之一。     

眼脉冲幅度增加提示动脉反流

目的:报道1例因双眼脉冲幅度(OPA)增加发现动脉反流的病例,而后者正是引起OPA增加的原因。设计:病例报道。方法:偶然发现双眼OPA增高,由此发现脉压增高和动脉反流。患者接受动脉瓣膜手术,待动脉脉压恢复正常后评价OPA。结果:动脉脉压高时的双眼OPA为9mmHg,动脉脉压恢复正常后的双眼OPA为3mmHg。结论:动脉脉压增高可以导致OPA增高。眼脉冲幅度增加提示动脉反流@McKee H.D.R.$Hull and East Yorkshire Eye Hospital, Fountain Street, Hull, Uni ted Kingdom @Saldaa M. @Ahad M.A. @张少娟…     

肝动脉化疗栓塞术治疗肝癌的临床与病理的联系

作者将9例肝动脉化疗栓塞术(HAE)后二期切除的肝癌标本,多处切片作病理检查,结合病人的临床过程分析HAE的治疗作用,肝癌包膜对HAE的影响,HAE的效果及HAE后手术的时机等。作者认为,HAE对肝癌的治疗效果是姑息性的,故HAE后应争取在30～60天内再手三术探查,争取切除肿瘤。否则,HAE后肝癌复发的可能性极大。     

Nuclear Factor κB and Anesthetic Preconditioning during Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion

Background: Volatile anesthetic preconditioning (APC) protects against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury, but the precise mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain undefined. To investigate the molecular mechanism of APC in myocardial protection, the activation of nuclear factor (NF) [kappa]B and its regulated inflammatory mediators expression were examined in the current study.

Methods: Hearts from male rats were isolated, Langendorff perfused, and randomly assigned to one of three groups: (1) the control group: hearts were continuously perfused for 130 min; (2) the IR group: 30 min of equilibration, 15 min of baseline, 25 min of ischemia, 60 min of reperfusion; and (3) the APC + IR group: 30 min of equilibration, 10 min of sevoflurane exposure and a 5-min washout, 25 min of global ischemia, 60 min of reperfusion. Tissue samples were acquired at the end of reperfusion. NF-[kappa]B activity was determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. The NF-[kappa]B inhibitor, I[kappa]B-[alpha], was determined by Western blot analysis. Myocardial inflammatory mediators, including tumor necrosis factor [alpha], interleukin 1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, and inducible nitric oxide synthase, were also assessed by Western blot analysis.

Results: Nuclear factor [kappa]B-DNA binding activity was significantly increased at the end of reperfusion in rat myocardium, and cytosolic I[kappa]B-[alpha] was decreased. Supershift assay revealed the involvement of NF-[kappa]B p65 and p50 subunits. APC with sevoflurane attenuated NF-[kappa]B activation and reduced the expression of tumor necrosis factor [alpha], interleukin 1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. APC also reduced infarct size and creatine kinase release and improved myocardial left ventricular developed pressure during IR.     

Morphine Enhances Pharmacological Preconditioning by Isoflurane: Role of Mitochondrial KATP Channels and Opioid Receptors

Background: Adenosine triphosphate-regulated potassium channels mediate protection against myocardial infarction produced by volatile anesthetics and opioids. We tested the hypothesis that morphine enhances the protective effect of isoflurane by activating mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate-regulated potassium channels and opioid receptors.

Methods: Barbiturate-anesthetized rats (n = 131) were instrumented for measurement of hemodynamics and subjected to a 30 min coronary artery occlusion followed by 2 h of reperfusion. Myocardial infarct size was determined using triphenyltetrazolium staining. Rats were randomly assigned to receive 0.9% saline, isoflurane (0.5 and 1.0 minimum alveolar concentration [MAC]), morphine (0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg), or morphine (0.3 mg/kg) plus isoflurane (1.0 MAC). Isoflurane was administered for 30 min and discontinued 15 min before coronary occlusion. In eight additional groups of experiments, rats received 5-hydroxydecanoic acid (5-HD; 10 mg/kg) or naloxone (6 mg/kg) in the presence or absence of isoflurane, morphine, and morphine plus isoflurane.

Results: Isoflurane (1.0 MAC) and morphine (0.3 mg/kg) reduced infarct size (41 +/- 3%; n = 13 and 38 +/- 2% of the area at risk; n = 10, respectively) as compared to control experiments (59 +/- 2%; n = 10). Morphine plus isoflurane further decreased infarct size to 26 +/- 3% (n = 11). 5-HD and naloxone alone did not affect infarct size, but abolished cardioprotection produced by isoflurane, morphine, and morphine plus isoflurane.     

全身热疗法治疗晚期肝脏恶性肿瘤39例报告

目的 探讨全身热疗法（whole body hyperthermia，WBH）治疗肝脏恶性肿瘤的疗效及其对肝功能的影响。方法 采用WBH治疗肝脏恶性肿瘤患者39例，并对治疗前、后患者肝功能指标进行动态观察，分析该疗法对肝脏功能的影响，并通过分析治疗效果，初步评估该疗法的疗效。结果 ①WBH治疗不能手术切除的晚期肝脏恶性肿瘤患者的有效率为61．5％（24／39），60．0％（9／15）的患者AFP有不同程度下降，肿瘤疼痛缓解率达100％；存活期〉2年者占12．8％（5／39），〉1年者占59．0％（23／39），〉6个月者占76．9％（30／39）。②谷丙转氨酶于治疗后1～3d出现明显升高（P〈0．05），7d后下降并接近治疗前水平；谷草转氨酶于治疗后1d明显升高（P〈0．05），3～7d则下降并接近治疗前水平；白蛋白于治疗后1d出现下降（P〈0．05），但3d即已恢复；肝功能正常组总胆红素于治疗后第1～3d出现升高（P〈0．05），而肝功能异常组未观察到同样变化；转肽酶则无明显变化。结论 WBH能改善晚期肝脏恶性肿瘤患者的预后，提高生存质量，延长生存时间，但同时可造成患者肝功能一定程度的可逆性损害。     

Eliminating Intensive Postoperative Care in Same-day Surgery Patients Using Short-acting Anesthetics

Background: A multidisciplinary effort was undertaken to determine whether patients could safely bypass the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) after same-day surgery by moving to an earlier time point evaluation of recovery criteria.

Methods: A prospective, outcomes research study with a baseline month, an intervention month, and a follow-up month was designed. Five surgical centers (three community-based hospitals and two freestanding ambulatory surgical centers) were utilized. Two thousand five hundred eight patients were involved in the baseline period, and 2,354 were involved in the follow-up period. Outcome measures included PACU bypass rates and adverse events. Intervention consisted of a multidisciplinary educational program and routine feedback reports.

Results: The overall PACU bypass rate (58%) was significantly different from baseline (15.9%, P < 0.001), for patients to whom a general anesthetic was administered (0.4-31.8%, P < 0.001), and for those given other anesthetic techniques (monitored anesthesia care, regional or local anesthetics; 29.1-84.2%, P < 0.001). During the follow-up period, the average (SD) recovery duration for patients who bypassed the PACU was significantly shorter compared to that for patients who did not bypass, 84.6 (61.5) versus 175.1 (98.8) min, P < 0.001, with no change in patient outcome. Patients receiving only short-acting anesthetics were 78% more likely (P < 0.002) to bypass the PACU after adjusting for various surgical procedures.     

子宫肌瘤经子宫动脉栓塞术治疗后患者满意度和生活质量调查

目的:评估子宫肌瘤患者经子宫动脉栓塞术(UAE)治疗后临床症状严重程度、健康相关生活质量(HRQOL)的变化及对治疗满意度的调查。设计:对1998～2002年80例经UAE治疗的子宫肌瘤患者进行问卷调查,了解治疗的有效性、治疗前后的临床症状严重程度及HRQOL的变化。主要观察指标:UAE治疗后症状严重程度及HRQOL评分的变化。次要观察指标:患者满意度及子宫体积缩小程度。结果:64例(80.0%)患者完成了问卷,调查时间为UAE后平均32.1月(范围:57.5～6月)。UAE后子宫体积平均缩小26.3%(95%CI19.6～33.0),79例患者中17例(21.5%)于术后平均18.6月…     

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目的　探讨医用创面封闭胶在减少肝切除术后肝断面渗血中的价值。方法　 2 0 0 2年 5～ 11月采用信封法将 60例接受肝切除术的病人随机分为医用胶组 (A组 ,n =3 0 )和对照组 (B组 ,n =3 0 )。A组在肝断面彻底止血后滴注医用创面封闭胶 ,B组则不用。测定术后第 1、2、3d腹腔引流液中红细胞 (RBC)数和血红蛋白 (Hb)量。结果　A、B两组术后腹腔引流液中的RBC数和Hb量均以第 1d为高峰 ,显著高于第 2、3d(P <0 0 5) ,其中A组术后第 1d腹腔引流液中RBC数及Hb量均显著低于B组 (P <0 0 5) ,只相当于B组第 2d的水平。A组主要并发症发生率低于B组 ,但差异无统计学意义 (P =0 0 7)。结论　医用创面封闭胶可有效抑制肝切除术后早期的肝断面渗血 ,有助于降低术后并发症的发生率     

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肝胆管结石最大的危害在于反复发作胆管炎、长期慢性刺激导致胆管上皮及管壁腺体增生和重度异型增生并移行为管状腺 ,最终导致癌变。胆管炎发作次数越频繁、胆管炎症狭窄和癌变的时间越短。治疗肝胆管结石的手术应分为两大类 ,一类是暂时的引流手术 ,可能需要二期手术进一步治疗 ;另一类是彻底治疗肝胆管结石 ,需要达到取净结石、去除病灶、通畅引流目的的手术。胆管炎发作可因胆管壁粘膜水肿而使胆管壁和肝胆管结石间已经很狭小的相对间隙更加缩小 ,进一步加重胆管的梗阻。因此 ,在肝胆管结石引起胆管炎的急性期外科手术需要解决的关键问题…