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Mean bulk densities of various samples of dry atmospheric aerosol particles sampled at different sites and during different seasons and weather situations range between 1.8 and more than 3 gm cm3. 相似文献
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Gottfried Kneuper 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1955,44(1):376-390
Zusammenfassung Die Spateisensteingänge von Grube Georg wurden in einem Spätstadium der Faltung gebildet. Es sind Diagonalscherflächen, die im Bereich einer Achsenflexur aufrissen und an denen Abschiebungen stattfanden. Ihnen entsprechen weitere, nicht vererzte Abschiebungen.Nach der Gangbildung, aber noch während der Faltung, entstanden parallel den Faltenachsen jüngere Scherflächen (vorwiegend Überschiebungen).Jünger als die Faltenbildung sind gangversetzende, NE-streichende Seitenverschiebungen. 相似文献
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We discuss the feasibility of using the coherent electric field in crystal as a means for gamma-ray astronomy. At 100 GeV, pair production is enhanced along the crystalline axis. However, the expected celestial gamma-ray flux at this energy is insufficient for this technique to be viable with a conventional-size satellite detector. 相似文献
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Optical polarization of the Crab pulsar: precision measurements and comparison to the radio emission
A. Sowikowska G. Kanbach M. Kramer A. Stefanescu 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2009,397(1):103-123
The linear polarization of the Crab pulsar and its close environment was derived from observations with the high-speed photopolarimeter Optical Pulsar TIMing Analyser at the 2.56-m Nordic Optical Telescope in the optical spectral range (400–750 nm). Time resolution as short as 11 μs, which corresponds to a phase interval of 1/3000 of the pulsar rotation, and high statistics allow the derivation of polarization details never achieved before. The degree of optical polarization and the position angle correlate in surprising details with the light curves at optical wavelengths and at radio frequencies of 610 and 1400 MHz. Our observations show that there exists a subtle connection between presumed non-coherent (optical) and coherent (radio) emissions. This finding supports previously detected correlations between the optical intensity of the Crab and the occurrence of giant radio pulses. Interpretation of our observations requires more elaborate theoretical models than those currently available in the literature. 相似文献
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Amin R. Nehrir Christoph Kiemle Mathew D. Lebsock Gottfried Kirchengast Stefan A. Buehler Ulrich Löhnert Cong-Liang Liu Peter C. Hargrave Maria Barrera-Verdejo David M. Winker 《Surveys in Geophysics》2017,38(6):1445-1482
A deeper understanding of how clouds will respond to a warming climate is one of the outstanding challenges in climate science. Uncertainties in the response of clouds, and particularly shallow clouds, have been identified as the dominant source of the discrepancy in model estimates of equilibrium climate sensitivity. As the community gains a deeper understanding of the many processes involved, there is a growing appreciation of the critical role played by fluctuations in water vapor and the coupling of water vapor and atmospheric circulations. Reduction of uncertainties in cloud-climate feedbacks and convection initiation as well as improved understanding of processes governing these effects will result from profiling of water vapor in the lower troposphere with improved accuracy and vertical resolution compared to existing airborne and space-based measurements. This paper highlights new technologies and improved measurement approaches for measuring lower tropospheric water vapor and their expected added value to current observations. Those include differential absorption lidar and radar, microwave occultation between low-Earth orbiters, and hyperspectral microwave remote sensing. Each methodology is briefly explained, and measurement capabilities as well as the current technological readiness for aircraft and satellite implementation are specified. Potential synergies between the technologies are discussed, actual examples hereof are given, and future perspectives are explored. Based on technical maturity and the foreseen near-mid-term development path of the various discussed measurement approaches, we find that improved measurements of water vapor throughout the troposphere would greatly benefit from the combination of differential absorption lidar focusing on the lower troposphere with passive remote sensors constraining the upper-tropospheric humidity. 相似文献
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Amir Hossein Hakimhashemi Jeoung Seok Yoon Oliver Heidbach Arno Zang Gottfried Grünthal 《Journal of Seismology》2014,18(3):671-680
The M w 3.2-induced seismic event in 2006 due to fluid injection at the Basel geothermal site in Switzerland was the starting point for an ongoing discussion in Europe on the potential risk of hydraulic stimulation in general. In particular, further development of mitigation strategies of induced seismic events of economic concern became a hot topic in geosciences and geoengineering. Here, we present a workflow to assess the hazard of induced seismicity in terms of occurrence rate of induced seismic events. The workflow is called Forward Induced Seismic Hazard Assessment (FISHA) as it combines the results of forward hydromechanical-numerical models with methods of time-dependent probabilistic seismic hazard assessment. To exemplify FISHA, we use simulations of four different fluid injection types with various injection parameters, i.e. injection rate, duration and style of injection. The hydromechanical-numerical model applied in this study represents a geothermal reservoir with preexisting fractures where a routine of viscous fluid flow in porous media is implemented from which flow and pressure driven failures of rock matrix and preexisting fractures are simulated, and corresponding seismic moment magnitudes are computed. The resulting synthetic catalogues of induced seismicity, including event location, occurrence time and magnitude, are used to calibrate the magnitude completeness M c and the parameters a and b of the frequency-magnitude relation. These are used to estimate the time-dependent occurrence rate of induced seismic events for each fluid injection scenario. In contrast to other mitigation strategies that rely on real-time data or already obtained catalogues, we can perform various synthetic experiments with the same initial conditions. Thus, the advantage of FISHA is that it can quantify hazard from numerical experiments and recommend a priori a stimulation type that lowers the occurrence rate of induced seismic events. The FISHA workflow is rather general and not limited to the hydromechanical-numerical model used in this study and can therefore be applied to other fluid injection models. 相似文献
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Cristiano B. Cosmovici Vojko Bratina Gottfried Schwarz Gianpaolo Tozzi Michael J. Mumma Roberto Stalio 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2006,301(1-4):135-143
We report here on unique post-perihelion (2.3 AU) measurements of Comet Hale-Bopp in the FUV-range (950–1250 Å) by means of the UVSTAR spectrometer from the space shuttle with the main purpose of searching for argon and other FUV emitters. New methods for separating the strong airglow emission at shuttle altitudes are here discussed in detail. Due to our low resolution (15 Å) and S/N ratio the possible rocket-borne detection of argon near perihelion (0.9 AU) could not be confirmed. New species as N2 are suspected but difficult to separate from the strong airglow emission at shuttle altitudes. From the Lyα brightness (1.30± 0.08 kRy) a water production rate Q = 5.9 ± 0.4 × 1029 molecules s?1 could be derived and compared with other post-perihelion observations. 相似文献