Hormone dependency and histological types of prostatic carcinoma

In comparative histological and cytological studies on 270 prostatic carcinoma patients highly and moderately differentiated tumors were found to be more frequent histologically than cytologically. An early and reliable sign of response to hormone therapy proved to be reticularization and vacuolization of the nuclear chromatin. Follow-up studies by means of multiple aspiration biopsies with cytologic examinations seem to be more reliable in prognostic terms than examination of the histological tumor structure.     

Bernardino Ramazzini (1633-1714). On the 275th anniversary of the death of the founder of occupational dermatology

Ramazzini is not only reputed to be the father of industrial hygiene, but must be thought to be the founder of occupational dermatology too. In his famous book about diseases of artists and craftsmen (De morbis artificium diatriba) he shows us numerous job-caused dermatoses, their occupational background, and makes proposals for their treatment and prophylaxis. The medical inspection of the work place and asking for the occupational history of the patient are tracing back to him too. His life is described.     

Characterisation of surface-modified solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN): influence of lecithin and nonionic emulsifier.

Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), an alternative colloidal drug delivery system to polymer nanoparticles, emulsions and liposomes, are generally produced by high pressure melt-emulsification. However, the harsh production process is not applicable for formulations containing shear and temperature sensitive compounds. For that reason, subsequent adsorptive SLN loading might be a promising alternative. The aim of the present study was the development and characterisation of surface-modified SLN for adsorptive protein loading by variation of both the lipid matrix and the emulsifier concentration in the continuous phase. Variations in SLN composition resulted in particle sizes between 674 and 61 nm corresponding to specific surfaces of 4.5 m(2)/g and 48.9 m(2)/g and zeta potentials between -23.4 mV and -0.9 mV. In dependence of SLN surface properties, albumin payload ranged from 2.5 to 15%. Thermoanalysis, X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy revealed anisometrical and crystalline particles. In vitro cytotoxicity was low in terms of both haemolysis, which was between 1 and 2%, and neutral red test (NRT) showing a half lethal dose between 1.1 and 4.6%.     

Small proportions: what to report for confidence intervals?

The original article to which this Erratum refers was published in Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 2005; 14: 239–247.     

Complications of orthodontic-orthognathic surgery treatment in mentally handicapped patients.

AIM: The aim of this study was to analyse possible intra- and postoperative complications and long-term results in combined orthodontic-orthognathic treatment of mentally handicapped patients compared with a control group of patients without handicap. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A group of 20 mentally handicapped patients (male = 7, female = 13) and of 102 non-handicapped patients (male = 36, female = 66) were evaluated retrospectively. The results of the two point-discrimination sensory test and the cephalometric findings of both groups were assessed. Complications during and after the operation, the results of nerve function tests and relapse rates were reported. The statistical analysis was carried out using binary logistical regression analysis with adjustment according to the diagnosis and the type of operation (p < 0.05) RESULTS: No significant differences could be found between the mentally handicapped and the non-handicapped patients. Only the nerve function test immediately postoperatively revealed differences between the two patient groups. The relapse rate in mentally handicapped patients was similar to non-handicapped patients. Forty-seven months after the operation, relapse (change in the ANB angle of more than 0.5 degrees ) was observed in four patients only (handicapped patients). CONCLUSION: Orthognathic surgical procedures in mentally handicapped patients can be carried out with a similarly high success rate as in mentally healthy patients.     

Changes in aqueous outflow after in vitro neodymium: yttrium aluminum garnet laser cyclophotocoagulation

To examine the possible role of transscleral outflow routes, enucleated human and porcine eyes underwent noncontact neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser cyclophotocoagulation 3 mm posterior to the limbus. Pars plana lesions were verified histologically. The eyes were perfused with saline solution at 50 mm Hg perfusion pressure, placing the tip of the needle into the hyaloid orbicular space. The outflow facility was 0.072 microliter/min/mm Hg in paired controls and 0.105 microliter/min/mm Hg in human lasered eyes, a difference of 31%. In porcine eyes the difference was 43%. Since concepts of aqueous production, impaired circulation, and inflammation do not apply to enucleated eyes, the increase may be related to pars plana transscleral flow facilitated by disruption of the neuroepithelial barrier.     

Block copolymers with bipyridine containing segments: Synthesis and self-organization by Cu(I) complexation

The synthesis and properties of segmented ABA triblock and (AB)_n multiblock copolymer systems with 6,6′-disubstituted 2,2′-bipyridine (bpy) building blocks B and poly(oxytetramethylene) soft segments A are described. The access to the disubstituted bipyridines in large scale quantities was achieved by modification of conventional synthetic routes. In the presence of copper(I) ions these polymers formed mononuclear [Cu(I)(bpy)₂] complexes in solution through self-assembly. The complexed copolymers were microphase separated systems in bulk with nano to mesoscopic superstructures consisting of copper-bpy complex aggregates in a polyether matrix. The thermal, mechanical and elastomer properties of the block copolymers varied with composition.     

Aortogastric fistula from hiatal hernia ulcer. A cause of massive upper gastrointestinal bleeding

An 83-year-old woman with no history of vascular surgery presented with a fatal upper gastrointestinal bleed from an aortogastric fistula secondary to a penetrating gastric ulcer. The fistula was between the thoracic aorta and the gastric ulcer in a hiatus hernia. On autopsy, a discrete 1-cm ulcer had perforated into the otherwise normal thoracic aorta. Aortogastric fistula involving the thoracic aorta and a gastric ulcer is rare in the absence of vascular graft surgery or aneurysm. We review the pertinent literature.     

Field studies towards intestinal helminthoses from north Ethiopia (1982) by means of microscopic and seroimmunologic methods

In two villages of north Ethiopia (Gorgora and Zerema) helminthologic stool analyses were performed and compared with seroimmunologic examinations. Regional difference could be obtained. The infection rate of males was slightly higher than that of females (except Schistosomiasis in Gorgora). Ascaridiasis, Ancylostomiasis and Trichuriasis are probably life-long accompanying parasitoses--they were slightly more frequent in higher than in lower age in Zerema--in contrast to Schistosomiasis which was slightly more frequent in younger people (differences not significant, likely due to the small number of examined persons). Toxocariasis in man is probably not very common in this region. The values of such pilot studies and of seroimmunologic findings for epidemiologic field investigations are discussed.     

Fusion of bone marrow-derived stem cells with cardiomyocytes in a heterologous in vitro model.

OBJECTIVE: Recent studies have demonstrated that transplanted bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMCs) possess a broad differentiation potential and are able to form new cardiomyocytes. However, the identity of BMCs as true cardiomyocytes is still ambiguous. Therefore, we investigated the fate of transplanted fluorescence labeled BMCs and cardiomyocytes in co-culture. METHODS: For cell tracking we used two different fluorescent probes, Vybrant/DiO and Vybrant/DiI. BMCs were taken from human sternal marrow, purified using a Ficoll-gradient-centrifugation, treated with 5-azacytidine and stained with Vybrant/DiO. Furthermore, isolated spontaneous beating cardiomyocytes of neonatal rats (CM) were labeled with Vybrant/DiI. Thereafter, the BMCs were transplanted into CM-cultures and investigated on day 1, 4, 7, 14 and 28 using two-color fluorescence phenotyping by laser-scanning-cytometry (LSC). Two-color positive cells were harvested by patch-clamp technique and beta-MHC mRNA expression was analyzed by single-cell PCR. RESULTS: Two different morphological phenotypes were observed by LSC. First, isolated DiO labeled BMCs without contact or with direct cell contact to DiI labeled CMs. Second, some BMCs and CMs were double positive for DiO/DiI spontaneously forming hybrids. This population increased by 18% from day 1 to 4 and decreased only slightly until day 28. Additionally, few two-color positive cell formations expressed both human and rat specific beta-MHC mRNA as well as only human beta-MHC mRNA indicating that cell-fusion and transdifferentiation has occurred. CONCLUSION: These observations provide in vitro evidence for spontaneous cell fusion and transdifferentiation of BMCs in co-culture, raising the possibility that the observed phenomenons may contribute to development or maintenance of these cell types.