Can treatment of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Brachiaria decumbens</Emphasis> (signal grass) improve its utilisation in the diet in small ruminants?—a review

Brachiaria decumbens is an extremely productive tropical grass due to its aggressive growth habit and its adaptation to a varied range of soil types and environments. As a result of the vast availability, treated B. decumbens demonstrates as a promising local material that could be utilised as an improved diet for sheep and goats. Despite the fact that the grass significantly increases weight gains in grazing farm animals, there were many reports of general ill-thrift and sporadic outbreaks of photosensitivity in livestock due to the toxic compound of steroidal saponin found in B. decumbens. Ensiling and haymaking were found to be effective in removing toxin and undesirable compounds in the grass. Biological treatments using urea, activated charcoal, polyethylene glycol, and effective microorganisms were found to be useful in anti-nutritional factor deactivation and improving the nutritive values of feedstuffs. Besides, oral administration of phenobarbitone showed some degree of protection in sheep that fed on B. decumbens pasture. In this review, we aim to determine the effect of B. decumbens toxicity and possible treatment methods on the grass to be used as an improved diet for small ruminant.     

Genomic characterization of the first oral avian papillomavirus in a colony of breeding canaries (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Serinus canaria</Emphasis>)

Papillomaviruses are non-enveloped, DNA viruses that infect skin and mucosa of a wide variety of vertebrates, causing neoplasias or simply persisting asymptomatically. Avian papillomaviruses, with six fully sequenced genomes, are the second most studied group after mammalian papillomaviruses. In this study, we describe the first oral avian papillomavirus, detected in the tongue of a dead Yorkshire canary (Serinus canaria) and in oral swabs of the same bird and other two live canaries from an aviary in Madrid, Spain. Its genome is 8,071 bp and presents the canonical papillomavirus architecture with six early (E6, E7, E1, E9, E2, E4) and two late open reading frames (L1 and L2) and a long control region between L1 and E6. This new avian papillomavirus L1 gene shares a 64% pairwise identity with FcPV1 L1, so it has been classified as a new species (ScPV1) within the Ethapapillomavirus genus. Although the canary died after showing breathing problems, there is no evidence that the papillomavirus caused those symptoms so it could be part of the oral microbiota of the birds. Hence, future investigations are needed to evaluate the clinical relevance of the virus.     

Knowledge,attitudes and practices towards <Emphasis Type="Italic">cystic echinococcosis</Emphasis> in livestock among selected pastoral and agro-pastoral communities in Uganda

A cross-sectional study was done from March 2013 to May 2014 to assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards cystic echinococcosis (CE) or hydatidosis among selected pastoral and agro-pastoral communities in Uganda. A structured questionnaire was administered to 381 respondents. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was done to find the relationship between knowledge about CE and factors such as age, sex, and level of education across all regions. The odds ratio and confidence interval were used to determine the difference in responses across regions. It was shown that age above 36 years was significantly (p < 0.001) associated with awareness about CE in livestock. Likewise, uneducated (p < 0.0001) and agro-pastoralists (p = 0.01) were significantly less knowledgeable than the educated and pastoralists across all regions. The overall knowledge towards CE in livestock was low 17.8% (95% CI = 14.0–21.6). Dog ownership was high and they never dewormed their freely roaming dogs. Dogs shared water with livestock. In conclusion, knowledge about CE in livestock was low across all regions. Therefore, public health education and formulation of policies towards its control by the relevant stakeholders should be done. Also, the true prevalence of CE in livestock needs to be done so that the magnitude and its public health significance are elucidated.     

温度和水分对赖草种子萌发的影响

利用聚乙二醇(PEG)试剂室内模拟不同干旱(0、-0.10、-0.20、-0.40、-0.80、-1.60 MPa)和温度(10、15、20、25、30℃)环境条件,对西藏班戈县野生型赖草(Leymus secalinus)种子萌发特性进行研究。结果表明,赖草种子在恒温10~30℃和变温10~30℃均能萌发.恒温25℃处理下,种子萌发达到了最佳响应;恒温15℃和变温20/30℃处理对赖草种子发芽率具有显著影响(P0.05),而恒温10和30℃对赖草种子发芽率具有极显著影响(P0.05);随着PEG渗透势的增加,赖草种子发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数和胚芽长均出现了不同程度的下降现象,而胚根则表现为先升后降的变化现象。25℃和蒸馏水处理下,野生赖草种子萌发效果最佳;而在25℃和-0.10~0 MPa渗透势处理下,赖草种子胚根优于胚芽生长。     

日本北海道北部寒温带森林流域林冠层凋落物及其养分归还量的景观格局(英文)

Within a forested watershed at the Uryu Experimental Forest of Hokkaido University in northern Hokkaido, overstory litterfall and related nutrient fluxes were measured at different landscape zones over two years. The wetland zone covered with Picea glehnii pure stand. The riparian zone was deciduous broad-leaved stand dominated by Alnus hirsuta and Salix spp., while the mixture of deciduous broadleaf and evergreen conifer dominated by Betula platyphylla, Quercus crispula and Abies sachalinensis distributed on the upland zone. Annual litterfall averaged 1444, 5122, and 4123 kg.hm^-2·a^-1 in the wetland, riparian and upland zones, respectively. Litterfall production peaked in September-October, and foliage litter contributed the greatest amount （73.4%-87.6 %） of the annual total litterfall. Concentrations of nutrients analyzed in foliage litter of the dominant species showed a similar seasonal variation over the year except for N in P glehnii and A. hirsuta. The nutrient fluxes for all elements analyzed were greatest on riparian zone and lowest in wetland zone. Nutrient fluxes via litterfall followed the decreasing sequence： N （11-129 kg.hm-2.aq） 〉 Ca （9-69） 〉 K （5-20） 〉 Mg （3-15） 〉 P （0.4-4.7） for all stands. Significant differences were found in litterfall production and nutrient fluxes among the different landscape components. There existed significant differences in soil chemistry between the different landscape zones. The consistently low soil C：N ratios at the riparian zone might be due to the higher-quality litter inputs （largely N-fixing alder）.     

Concentration variations of several ions in stream after a wildfire

In May 2006, a high intensity wildfire occurred in Songling forest region in Daxing＇an Mountains, China. The concentration changes of eight ions （K^＋, Na^＋, Ca^2＋, Mg^2＋, Cl^-, Br^-, NO3^- and SO4^2-） were measured in burned and tmbumed streams after fire from May to Oct., 2006. Results show that the most ions flux were higher in burned stream than that in unburned stream during the sampling period, and the greatest concentrations of most ions transported from burned stream occurred in July. After fire, the most amplitude chemical ion was Ca^2＋, whose average concentration was 5.50 mg·L^-1 higher than that in unburned stream, and the total concentration of every chemical ion presents a trend Ca^2＋〉SO4^2- 〉Na^＋〉Mg^2＋〉NO3^- . The average concentrations of Ca^2＋, SO4^2- , Na^＋＇Mg^2＋,NO3^- showed an increase trend, but those of K^＋, Cl^- , Br had a decreased trend. SO4^2- had the largest loss among these anions, followed by NO3^-. Overall, the increase degree of cation was greater than that of anion after burning.     

仿生人工木材的研究进展

天然木材是地球上丰富的自然资源,具有优异的力学特性与美学特征,也是一种独特的工程材料;同时,由木材衍生出来的一些多功能复合材料,也被广泛地应用于各个领域。但是,天然木材这种生物质资源也有很多缺陷,其形貌以及性质易受环境等外在因素的影响而发生改变,并且由于生长周期过长,木材的供给量不能满足日益增长的需求量。受天然木材独特的分级多孔结构和化学成分的启发,研究人员通过利用先进的仿生合成技术进行自组装实验设计,研制出具有与天然木材分级多孔结构相似、力学性能更好的仿生人工木材。相比于天然木材,仿生人工木材在力学性能、功能性、智能性、防腐蚀、防火方面上优势明显。笔者从设计原理、制备方法、功能化设计等方面阐述了仿生人工木材的研究进展,为发展具有天然木材独特各向异性结构的高性能仿生工程材料提供参考,同时也分析了仿生人工木材现阶段发展所面临的问题、挑战以及进一步发展方向。     

麦冬须根正丁醇萃取物化学成分的分离与鉴定

为了研究麦冬须根中的化学成分,本研究采用大孔吸附树脂、ODS和Sephadex LH-20多种柱色谱技术对麦冬须根乙醇提取物的正丁醇萃取物进行分离纯化;通过波谱数据与理化性质分析并结合文献进行化合物结构鉴定.从麦冬须根的正丁醇萃取物中分离得到10个化合物,其结构分别鉴定为5-甲氧基-6-甲基-7-羟基-8-醛基-3S-...     

水杨酸和水杨酸甲酯在植物抗虫中的作用及机制研究进展

本文综述了水杨酸(Salicylic acid,SA)、水杨酸甲酯(Methyl salicylate,MeSA)的生物合成途径、激活植物防御基因的表达而产生抗虫毒素或酶类、诱导植物释放互利素引诱天敌的研究进展,展望了SA和MeSA在虫害治理中的研究和应用前景。     

1株黄曲霉颉颃菌的鉴定及其抑菌活性成分分析

【目的】筛选黄曲霉颉颃菌,探究其最佳培养条件及有效抗菌成分,为实际生产中应用生物防治方法抑制黄曲霉污染提供新的理论依据。【方法】通过平板对峙法及分子生物学鉴定方法对待测菌株进行筛选鉴定。以抑菌率作为衡量标准,判断所得黄曲霉颉颃菌的最佳培养温度、培养时间、接种量、转速、pH及装液量。通过硫酸铵沉淀法从颉颃菌无菌发酵上清液中提取蛋白,观测粗提物对黄曲霉菌丝生长的影响。通过离子交换色谱和凝胶过滤色谱进一步纯化粗提蛋白,并进行质谱测序及序列对比分析,筛选鉴定颉颃菌产生的有效抑菌成分。【结果】筛选到1株解淀粉芽孢杆菌B10(菌种保藏号CCTCCNO:M2018353)。最佳培养条件为温度40℃,培养时间36 h,接种量3%,转速120 r/min, pH 6.0,装液量30 mL,最大抑菌率可达46.56%。其粗提蛋白能有效抑制黄曲霉生长,破坏菌丝正常形态,并从中筛选出几丁质结合蛋白、壳聚糖酶、葡聚糖酶等8种可能的有效抑菌成分。【结论】本试验分离鉴定出1株抑制黄曲霉正常生长发育的解淀粉芽孢杆菌B10,其产生的多种蛋白成分对黄曲霉有显著抑菌活性。