阿尔泰山森林重点火险区综合治理工程效益分析

介绍了阿尔泰山实施森林重点火险区综合治理工程项目后所带来的社会、经济、生态效益,并评述了该项目对阿尔泰山的影响。     

国际贸易中的"动物福利"及其影响

“动物福利”这一概念的提出，标志着人们惯有的对待动物甚至对待生命的态度已经转变。“动物福利”不仅要求善待所有的生命，而且也关系到人类的公共道德和环境保护。早在19世纪初，欧洲的一些有识之士就开始了他们捍卫动物的征程。1822年世界上第一部反对虐待动物的法律在英国诞生，许多国家和地区出于对人类健康、环境保护和“动物福利”的考虑，也都相继制定了相关法律来保护动物的基本福利，禁止虐待和伤害动物。近20年来，特别是欧洲发生震惊世界的疯牛病和二恶英污染事件后，发达国家纷纷出台和制订“动物福利”法和饲料添加剂使用法来加强对动物的保护。“动物福利”国家间的差距正在成为农产品国际贸易中的新壁垒形式。     

Can treatment of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Brachiaria decumbens</Emphasis> (signal grass) improve its utilisation in the diet in small ruminants?—a review

Brachiaria decumbens is an extremely productive tropical grass due to its aggressive growth habit and its adaptation to a varied range of soil types and environments. As a result of the vast availability, treated B. decumbens demonstrates as a promising local material that could be utilised as an improved diet for sheep and goats. Despite the fact that the grass significantly increases weight gains in grazing farm animals, there were many reports of general ill-thrift and sporadic outbreaks of photosensitivity in livestock due to the toxic compound of steroidal saponin found in B. decumbens. Ensiling and haymaking were found to be effective in removing toxin and undesirable compounds in the grass. Biological treatments using urea, activated charcoal, polyethylene glycol, and effective microorganisms were found to be useful in anti-nutritional factor deactivation and improving the nutritive values of feedstuffs. Besides, oral administration of phenobarbitone showed some degree of protection in sheep that fed on B. decumbens pasture. In this review, we aim to determine the effect of B. decumbens toxicity and possible treatment methods on the grass to be used as an improved diet for small ruminant.     

Genomic characterization of the first oral avian papillomavirus in a colony of breeding canaries (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Serinus canaria</Emphasis>)

Papillomaviruses are non-enveloped, DNA viruses that infect skin and mucosa of a wide variety of vertebrates, causing neoplasias or simply persisting asymptomatically. Avian papillomaviruses, with six fully sequenced genomes, are the second most studied group after mammalian papillomaviruses. In this study, we describe the first oral avian papillomavirus, detected in the tongue of a dead Yorkshire canary (Serinus canaria) and in oral swabs of the same bird and other two live canaries from an aviary in Madrid, Spain. Its genome is 8,071 bp and presents the canonical papillomavirus architecture with six early (E6, E7, E1, E9, E2, E4) and two late open reading frames (L1 and L2) and a long control region between L1 and E6. This new avian papillomavirus L1 gene shares a 64% pairwise identity with FcPV1 L1, so it has been classified as a new species (ScPV1) within the Ethapapillomavirus genus. Although the canary died after showing breathing problems, there is no evidence that the papillomavirus caused those symptoms so it could be part of the oral microbiota of the birds. Hence, future investigations are needed to evaluate the clinical relevance of the virus.     

B-mode ultrasound examination of canine mammary gland neoplastic lesions of small size (diameter &lt; 2 cm)

Ultrasonography is a valuable tool for the evaluation of neoplastic lesions in the dog and there is a growing interest in the use of this technique for the stadiation of canine mammary tumours. An accurate assessment of small sized nodules facilitates the stadiation of the mammary lesions and helps the clinician in the choice of the most indicated surgical therapy. The aim of this study was to identify those ultrasound criteria that may be useful in discriminating between benign and malignant lesions of small size (diameter smaller than 2 cm). Sixty-two nodules, < 2 cm in larger diameter, belonging to thirty-five bitches presented between January 2012 and February 2014 were evaluated. Tumours were observed by conventional ultrasound and assessed for: shape (regular-irregular), limit (defined-ill-defined), margins (regular-irregular), echogenicity (hypoechoic-isoechoic-hyperecoic), echotexture (homogeneus-heterogeneus), presence of hyperecoic halo, distal acoustic enhancement or shadowing and surrounding tissue alterations. Among the alterations in surrounding tissues, the disruption of the glandular tissue and the increase in echogenicity of the peritumoral tissues were assessed. Thereafter, bitches were subjected to mastectomy and nodules were evaluated histologically. None of the ultasound criteria considered in the current study showed a statistically significant relation with malignancy, except for the presence of alterations in the tissue surrounding the nodules. According to our results, this characteristic may indicate malignancy, however its subjectivity may affect the applicability in clinical practice. In conclusions, conventional ultrasound in bitches had a limited ability in discriminating benign and malignant mammary gland neoplastic lesions of small size (diameter?<?2 cm).     

Knowledge,attitudes and practices towards <Emphasis Type="Italic">cystic echinococcosis</Emphasis> in livestock among selected pastoral and agro-pastoral communities in Uganda

A cross-sectional study was done from March 2013 to May 2014 to assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards cystic echinococcosis (CE) or hydatidosis among selected pastoral and agro-pastoral communities in Uganda. A structured questionnaire was administered to 381 respondents. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was done to find the relationship between knowledge about CE and factors such as age, sex, and level of education across all regions. The odds ratio and confidence interval were used to determine the difference in responses across regions. It was shown that age above 36 years was significantly (p < 0.001) associated with awareness about CE in livestock. Likewise, uneducated (p < 0.0001) and agro-pastoralists (p = 0.01) were significantly less knowledgeable than the educated and pastoralists across all regions. The overall knowledge towards CE in livestock was low 17.8% (95% CI = 14.0–21.6). Dog ownership was high and they never dewormed their freely roaming dogs. Dogs shared water with livestock. In conclusion, knowledge about CE in livestock was low across all regions. Therefore, public health education and formulation of policies towards its control by the relevant stakeholders should be done. Also, the true prevalence of CE in livestock needs to be done so that the magnitude and its public health significance are elucidated.     

Long-term study (2005–2010) on the vaccination with BoHV-1 glycoprotein E-deleted marker vaccine in selected two dairy herds in Turkey

A follow-up study from 2005 to 2010 was carried out in two herds where eradication programme for the bovine herpes virus-1 (BoHV-1) infection depends on the vaccination with inactivated glycoprotein E-deleted vaccine that was started in 2001 following the vaccination with inactivated conventional vaccine between 1999 and 2001. For serological screening, a total of 12,976 sera sampled over several sampling times approximately 6 months of interval during 5 years (2005–2010) were tested for glycoprotein E (gE)- and glycoprotein B-specific antibodies using ELISA. According to the serological evidence, the long-term persistence of BoHV-1 antibodies, success of marker vaccine, first vaccination time of the calves in herds regularly vaccinated, etc. were discussed in this paper. In conclusion, the vaccination programme using gE (?) marker vaccines, with making efforts to prevent the other factors about transmission of infection, was suggested for the eradication of BoHV-1 infection in Turkey as many EU countries. This is the first report on the BoHV-1 eradication programme in some dairy cattle in Turkey.     

几种药剂防治烟草青枯病田间药效试验

7种药剂防治烟草青枯病进行了田间药效试验,结果表明,7种药荆均能推迟青枯病的发病高峰期,减轻发病程度,其中荧光假单胞菌3 000亿个/克粉剂和农用链霉素的防效最好,药效稳定,持续时间长,对烟草青枯病的防治效果分别达到74.92%、74.48%.此外,罗建新菌肥和活性菌肥对烟草青枯病也具有较好的防治效果,防效分别为66.27%和69.39%.     

进境澳大利亚豌豆细菌性萎蔫病病原菌的分离鉴定

 2008年3月自澳大利亚进口的豌豆种苗病变部位分离到致病性菌株,该菌株能引起豌豆茎部、卷须萎蔫腐烂,叶片褪绿等症状。针刺接种豌豆,发生的病变状态与自然发病的症状相同,且在接种发病植株中又分离到形态上一致的病原菌,得到了柯赫法则的验证。经形态特征、培养性状、生理生化及16S rDNA序列分析,鉴定其为桃色欧文氏菌(Erwinia persicina)。这是我国首次从进境豌豆中检出该病害。     

百力佳叶面肥对宁夏贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄生长发育及品质的影响

在宁夏酿酒葡萄集中栽培区宁夏国营玉泉营农场设置了田间试验,研究了百力佳营养型叶面肥对酿酒葡萄生长发育及产量品质的影响.结果表明:百力佳对酿酒葡萄株高、新梢长度及叶绿素含量都有促进作用;在施用化肥的基础上再喷施百力佳能够显著促进酿酒葡萄果穗长,显著降低果实酸碱度和总酸度,显著增加还原糖含量,显著增加葡萄百粒果重,也明显有增加酿酒葡萄产量的趋势.