An application of satellite-derived sea surface temperature data to the skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis Linnaeus, 1758) and albacore tuna (Thunnus alalunga Bonaterre, 1788) fisheries in the north-east Atlantic

In April-December 1989, June 1990 and July-October (1990-92), AVHRR/NOAA scenes from the north-east Atlantic (10-50° N and 0-30° W) and Mediterranean Alboran Sea were processed. The objective was to study the relationships between the upper ocean dynamics (synoptic and mesoscale fronts and vorticity) with skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis Linnaeus, 1758) and albacore tuna (Thunnus alalunga Bonaterre, 1788) fishing ground locations by satellite-derived sea surface temperature (SST) maps and in situ data sets. Results show an analogy between the bioecological responses of both species to the large (SST seasonal drifts) and small-scale oceanographic events (eddy fields, as a consequence of their similar physiological response to all the anomalies at sea.     

Preparation of Low Free Gossypol and High Available Lysine Cottonseed/Soybean Blends

Cottonseed/soybean blends (50/50) were ground in an Alpine pin mill with or without previous cooking in a Brady low-cost extruder. Free gossypol decreased with increasing amount of water added prior to extrusion and number of passes through the extruder. Available lysine increased with decreasing amount of added water but was unaffected by number of passes through the extruder. Type of soybean raw material utilized had no effect on free gossypol. Blends prepared from defatted cottonseed meal, however, had lower free gossypol than those made from cottonseed kernels. A blend similar to full-fat soy flour but of lower cost was prepared from unextruded 50% defatted cotton-seed meal/50% extruded soybean flakes, without added water, and ground in the Alpine mill.     

Flavor Evaluations of Florida Frozen Concentrated Orange Juice Blended from Concentrates Produced with Varying Extraction Yields

Flavor evaluations are presented for two samples of frozen concentrated orange juice (FCOJ). Each sample of 42°Brix commercial type FCOJ was prepared by blending concentrates of juices of four cultivars (27% Hamlin, 20% Pineapple, 50% Valencia and 3% Murcott). One sample was made only with concentrates from low yield juices of each cultivar and the other sample was made only from concentrates from high yield juices of the four cultivars. Both the samples were rated very good flavor when graded according to USDA standards for grades of FCOJ, but showed lower scores for high yield than for low yield juices. Results of six industry flavor panel evaluations are presented.     

WHAT'S THE 'HOOD GOT TO DO WITH IT? PARENTAL PERCEPTIONS ABOUT HOW NEIGHBORHOOD MECHANISMS AFFECT THEIR CHILDREN

ABSTRACT: During the past decade, a rapidly expanding body of empirical research has emerged that statistically links disadvantaged neighborhood environments with social and economic outcomes of low‐income, minority children. Nonetheless, the mechanisms by which neighborhoods putatively affect children remain poorly understood. This article examines the perceptions of low‐income parents regarding how their neighborhood might affect their children. We examine quantitative and qualitative data gathered from phone interviews with 246 parents who live in subsidized housing scattered across a wide variety of neighborhoods in Denver, Colorado. We supplement this information with data obtained through a series of focus group interviews with a subset of these parents. Our findings indicate that low‐income parents perceive the following primary neighborhood mechanisms: (1) the degree (or lack) of social norms and collective efficacy (24%); (2) influence of children's peers (12%); (3) exposure to crime and violence (11%); and (4) the presence and quality of institutional resources (3%). Approximately one‐third of all parents reported that their neighborhood had no impact at all on their children, citing that their children were either “too young” to be affected by these mechanisms or that parents had sufficient resources to buffer any deleterious effects of the neighborhood. Parents residing in high‐poverty neighborhoods were much more likely to perceive a neighborhood effect, however. Binary and multinomial logistic regression analyses were employed to identify the extent to which an array of demographic characteristics and neighborhood type correlated with parents' perceptions. Latino parents were significantly less likely than other low‐income parents to report a neighborhood impact mechanism. Relative to those who reported no particular neighborhood impact mechanism, those who identified: (1) safety issues were more likely to have a spouse or parent present, and have low self‐esteem; (2) peer influences were more likely to have higher levels of education and live in a high‐poverty but low‐crime area.     

LOW‐INCOME HOMEOWNERSHIP: DOES IT NECESSARILY MEAN SACRIFICING NEIGHBORHOOD QUALITY TO BUY A HOME?

ABSTRACT: Questions have been raised about the wisdom of low‐income homeownership policies for many reasons. One potential reason to be skeptical: low‐income homebuyers perhaps may be constrained to purchase homes in disadvantaged neighborhoods. This is a potential problem because home purchases in such neighborhoods: (1) may limit appreciation; (2) may reduce quality of life for adults; and (3) may militate against reputed advantages of homeownership for children. Our study examines the neighborhood conditions of a group of 126 low‐income homebuyers who purchased their first home with assistance from the Home Ownership Program (HOP) operated by the Denver Housing Authority. Our approach is distinguished by its use of a comprehensive set of objective and subjective indicators measuring the neighborhood quality of pre‐move and post‐move neighborhoods. Do low‐income homebuyers sacrifice neighborhood quality to buy their homes? Our results suggest that the answer to this question is more complex than it might at first appear. On the one hand, HOP homebuyers purchased in a wide variety of city and suburban neighborhoods. Nonetheless, a variety of neighborhood quality indicators suggest that these neighborhoods, on average, were indeed inferior to those of Denver homeowners overall and to those in the same ethnic group. However, our analyses also revealed that their post‐move neighborhoods were superior to the ones they lived in prior to homeownership. Moreover, very few HOP destination neighborhoods evinced severe physical, environmental, infrastructural, or socioeconomic problems, as measured by a wide variety of objective indicators or by the homebuyers' own perceptions. Indeed, only 10% of HOP homebuyers perceived that their new neighborhoods were worse than their prior ones, and only 8% held pessimistic expectations about their new neighborhoods' quality of life. Finally, we found that Black homebuyers fared less well than their Latino counterparts, on average, in both objective and subjective measures.     

Identification of and relationships among a number of teinturier grapevines that expanded across Europe in the early 20th century

Background and Aims: The arrival in Europe of powdery mildew (1845), phylloxera (1863) and mildew (1878) led to great interest in grapevine varieties less sensitive to these diseases, but still producing good quality wine. Standing out was a small group of teinturier vines that were once much appreciated for the colour their grapes brought to wines because of their pigmented skins and pulp. The aim of the present work was to determine the true identity of nine teinturier grapevine varieties that were collected from different vine‐growing areas of northern and north‐western Spain under local names. Methods and Results: This study combined the ampelographic characterisation of the leaves and the use of molecular markers (simple sequence repeats) to allow some of these varieties to be identified, the existence of a number of synonyms to be established and the relationships among some of these grapevines to be determined. Conclusions: Most of the teinturier varieties studied are related to the internationally known cultivars Morrastrel Bouschet, Alicante Bouschet, Petit Bouschet and Jacquez. The origin of the teinturier variety collected with the local name Folla Redonda is still unknown. Significance of the Study: The information provided by this research helps define the origin of commercially important teinturier varieties and may be helpful in their identification and selection for cultivation in certain vine‐growing areas.     

ON BOUNDARY ELEMENTS FOR SIMULATION OF CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEMS WITH DYNAMIC POLARIZATION CURVES

The Boundary Element Method (BEM) is applied to predict the evolution of current density and potential distributions with respect to time that appear when cathodic protection systems are employed to prevent corrosion of metallic structures in contact with an electrolyte. This phenomenon is governed by the Laplace or Poisson equation, subjected to non-linear time-varying boundary conditions, described by dynamic polarization curves. Numerical techniques that consider the dependency of these curves upon time and formation potential have been developed based on potentiostatic data obtained from in-situ experiments. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.