Phenolic contents,antioxidant activities and potential bioaccessibilities of industrial pomegranate nectar processing wastes

Antioxidant potential and bioaccessibility of co‐products from industrial pasteurised pomegranate nectar (PN) processing such as peel (PP), press cake (PC) and precipitate after clarification (PAC) in comparison with raw material (arils) and final products (CON and PN) were determined. Total phenolic (TPC), flavonoid (TFC), anthocyanin (TAC), tannin contents (TTC) and antioxidant activity (TAA) were determined besides identifying major phenolics and investigating in vitro bioaccessibility after gastrointestinal (GI) digestion. PP showed the highest values, except for TAC. Phenolics (12.7–43.0%) were found to be more stable than anthocyanins (0.6–2.1%) after in vitro GI digestion. PAC was found to be a better source for anthocyanins than CON and also showed higher phenolic bioaccessibility (28.8%) than PN (19.6%). PC and PAC possessed as much TPC, TFC, TTC and TAA levels as CON, with some exceptions. Therefore, these results indicated that not only PP but also PC and PAC should be valorised as a good source for phenolics and anthocyanins.     

Ageing: The Common Denominator?

This paper undertakes to explore the gerontological and social science literature for the purpose of highlighting that while ageing is a common phenomenon across all world societies it nevertheless remains a unique personal experience. Drawing upon the metaphorical construct of the life journey, the authors use the cultural context of ageing to illustrate how the life-path for each individual, whether long or short, is necessarily unpredictable and involves a dynamic interaction between history and biography within a particular society and cultural framework. The authors challenge prospective readers to use their sociological imagination as proffered by the renowned sociologist C.W. Mills in the interest of moving beyond the biological dimension in order to see more clearly that ??ageing into old age?? is in essence a unique personal life story. The life story of each individual is seen to represent a compilation of ongoing levels of compliance and /or tension between the individual??s subjective world and external forces the consequence of the individual being a thinking, willing and feeling person, an existential entity with potential for meaning making, self organization and adaptive responses to changing life circumstances. Notwithstanding the diverse cultural, racial and ethnic differences between people worldwide the ageing experience is shown to be a phenomenon displaying cross-cultural variability warranting further ongoing anthropological research. An examination of the many pathways to ageing utilizing a series of interactive factors helps to explain the existence of advantages and disadvantages leading to variations in availability and access to ??life chances?? resulting in many people experiencing unacceptable levels of ill-health, poverty, racism, ageism, inequality and widespread levels of social injustice and abuse of human rights.     

ADSORPTION EQUILIBRIUM OF CARBON TETRACHLORIDE ON DRY SOILS

Vapor phase adsorption equilibrium of carbon tetrachloride, a priority pollutant, on dry soils was studied at 288, 293, and 298 K. Using a gravimetric adsorption apparatus, adsorption /desorption isotherms of carbon tetrachloride were generated on two different soil samples. The effects of temperature and soil characteristics were examined. Isosteric heals of adsorption were calculated and heat curves were constructed.

Adsorption isotherms of carbon tetrachloride on dry soil samples were Type II, indicating formation of multilayers of adsorbate on the soil particle surface. Considerable hysteresis effects, associated with capillary condensation, were observed upon desorption. Thermal data confirmed that the adsorption of carbon tetrachloride vapor on soil was primarily physical adsorption. Heat curves showed that the soil samples had energetically heterogeneous surfaces. A positive correlation between The soil's specific surface area and its sorption capacity was observed. Clay content and pore size were also dominating factors.

The experimental data were correlated by the Polanyi Potential, the BET, and the GAB models in order to provide input lo fate and transport models predicting the degradation or movement of volatile organic pollutants in soil. The BET equation gave accurate data fit, within a deviation range of 2·63-5·40%, for up to 40% of the saturation pressure. The GAB equation provided superior fit of the data for the entire relative pressure range. Absolute error percentages from the GAB model ranged from 1·77 to 5·38%. Results followed the Potential Theory satisfactorily and led to a single temperature-independent characteristic curve.     

Functionality of soymilk powder and its components in fresh soy bread

ABSTRACT:  The physicochemical changes upon addition of soymilk powder (SMP) to soy bread were investigated. Two-pound loaves of soy bread were produced with components (soluble fiber [SF], insoluble fiber [ISF], soy protein) that mimic those levels contributed by SMP. Soy flour and soy flour/SMP soy breads served as controls. The following were determined for all breads produced: physical properties (loaf volume, crust, and crumb color); chemical compositions (SF and ISF contents, protein and ash contents); and physicochemical properties (water activity, total moisture content by thermogravimetric analysis [TGA], "freezable" water [FW], "unfreezable" water [UFW] content by DSC, stiffness at 25 °C by dynamic mechanical analysis [DMA], and firmness with Instron testing machine). SMP contained significant amounts of SF aside from the ISF fraction and mostly denatured soy protein. SMP addition to soy bread formulation significantly decreased loaf volume with respect to control soy bread, which can be attributed to the ISF and SPI contents of this ingredient. Other effects of SMP were found to be lighter and yellowish crumb color, darker crust color, and increase in firmness, as well as no change in moisture content, FW and UFW contents, water activity, and stiffness parameters.     

Determination of Chloroanisoles and Chlorophenols in Cork and Wine by using HS‐SPME and GC‐ECD Detection

Cork taint is an off‐flavor problem in wine, the main reason being the presence of 2,4,6‐trichloroanisole (TCA) in the cork stopper. In addition to the TCA, the presence of other chloroanisole and chlorophenol family compounds (the perception limits of which are very low) can also result in, or contribute to, cork taint problem. In this study, the levels of 2,4‐dichloroanisole (DCA), 2,4,6‐trichloroanisole (TCA), 2,3,4,6‐tetrachloroanisole (TeCA), pentachloroanisole (PCA), 2,4,6‐trichlorophenol (TCP), 2,3,4,6‐tetrachlorophenol (TeCP) and penthaclorophenol (PCP) were assayed in cork stoppers (natural, agglomerated and colmate) and in red wine samples from different wineries in Turkey using HS‐SPME and GC‐ECD detection. The performance parameters for all chloroanisole and chlorophenol compounds were as follows: recovery 92.48–102.53%, R 0.992‐0.996. The LOQ values were DCA (8.4 ng/L), TCA (0.8 ng/L), TeCa (0.6 ng/L), PCP (0.8 ng/L), TCP (0.8 ng/L), TeCP (1.2 ng/L), and PCP (1.1 ng/L) respectively. In cork stoppers, the amounts of 2,4,6 TCA ranged between 5.4–130.6 ng/g. The 2,3,4,6 TeCA ranged between 1.12‐8.2 ng/g and the PCA ranged between nd (not detected)‐11.01 ng/g. In the wine samples, 2,4,6 TCA ranged between 1.42–70.2 ng/L. The 2,3,4,6 TeCA ranged between nd‐15.1 ng/L and the PCA ranged from nd‐5.16 ng/L. The results indicated that there was a significant correlation between the TCA in wines and the TCA in cork stoppers.     

Preparation and optimization of superabsorbent hydrogel micromatrices based on poly(acrylic acid), partly sodium salt-g-poly(ethylene oxide) for modified release of indomethacin

The purpose of this study was to prepare modified-release dosage of indomethacin (IND) in the form of micromatrices based on a superabsorbent hydrogel (SAH), poly(acrylic acid), partly sodium salt-g-poly(ethylene oxide) (PAAc-Na-g-PEO). A soaking procedure was used for the preparation of drug-loaded hydrogel micromatrices. The amount of IND, volume of drug-loading solution, and amount of PAAc-Na-g-PEO granules used for preparing micromatrices were the independent factors. The dependent factors were the measured responses from micromatrices, that is, percent recovery, percent entrapment efficiency, and the time at which 63.2% of the drug was released (T_d, minutes). A three-factor, three-level full factorial design (33) was created to optimize formulations. Nonlinear regression analysis indicated a good correlation between the measured responses and the independent factors. Optimum responses were obtained from medium levels of IND and SAH and low level of drug-loading solution. Differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction analysis, and scanning electron micrography indicated that IND crystals are physically adsorbed into the pores and irregular spaces of the hydrogel.     

Ion Chromatographic Determination of Free Cyanide in Different Classes of Bottled Natural Mineral Water Consumed in Turkey

An ion chromatographic method for the quantitative determination of free cyanide in bottled natural mineral waters were measured in terms of selectivity, linearity, the limit of detection, limit of quantification, repeatability, precision, and accuracy. Chromatographic separation of free cyanide ions was accomplished with an anion-exchange column and detected by pulsed amperometric detection with a silver working electrode. The method was found to be selective, linear (r² = 0.999) at a concentration range of 0.5 to 134 μg L^?1, precise, and accurate. Recovery values of free cyanide in all classes of natural mineral water varied from 65.9 ± 1.6 to 95.2 ± 0.7 at different spiking levels (5–70 μg L^?1). Parameters (total dissolved solids, mineral interferences, and added sodium hydroxide) affecting the recovery values were studied in this project. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were found to be 0.295 and 0.983 μg L^?1, respectively. The proposed method was applied to 27 different brands of commercially available bottled natural mineral water products sold in Turkish markets. These natural mineral waters were classified as: (i) very low mineral concentration, (ii) low mineral concentration, (iii) intermediate mineral concentration, and (iv) high mineral concentration based on their total dissolved solids contents according to European Union Directive (Directive 80/777/EEC). Levels of free cyanide residues in the samples ranged from > limit of detection to 6.12 μg L^?1. The highest average concentration of free cyanide residues was found in the class of “high mineral concentration waters.” However, the determined free cyanide values in all of the tested natural mineral water samples were found to be within the limits of European Union legislation.     

Fabrication of a novel polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes/polyether‐block‐amide nano‐hybrid membrane for pervaporative separation of model fuel butanol

The present study reports the pervaporative separation capability of the pristine and polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) loaded hybrid polyether‐block ‐amide (PEBA) membranes for n ‐butanol recovery from the dilute n ‐butanol–water mixtures. It is the first study to produce POSS‐loaded PEBA membranes for n ‐butanol recovery. The morphology and crosslinking structure of the pristine and hybrid membrane were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The thermal stability and crystallization behaviors of the pristine and hybrid membranes were investigated using thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry methods. Swelling experiments were also done to determine the affinity of the membranes to the n ‐butanol–water mixture. The effect of increasing amount of POSS on pervaporation performance was investigated in terms of flux and the n ‐butanol separation factor at 40 °C and a given n ‐butanol. All the hybrid membranes exhibited high flux and n ‐butanol separation factor than that of the pristine PEBA membrane. The best n ‐butanol separation factor of 27.2 was obtained accompanied with 1.33 Kg m^?2 h^?1 of flux, when the POSS amount was 4 wt %. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017 , 134 , 45211.     

Application of Solid‐Phase Micro‐Extraction (SPME) for Determining Residues of Chlorpyrifos and Chlorpyrifos‐Methyl in Wine with Gas Chromatography (GC)

The incorrect use of insecticides in many countries' vineyards may result in some toxicological risks for the consumers by their presence on the grapes. In this research, a rapid gas chromatographic method was used for the determination of the residue levels of two organophosphorus pesticides (chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos‐methyl) in wine. Pesticides are described and compared with each other. Ten red wines from two different regions of Turkey were analyzed for their chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos‐methyl content. The samples were diluted with water and extracted by solid‐phase micro extraction. Nitrogen‐Phosphorus Detection (NDP) and Electron‐Capture Detection (ECD) were used to identify and quantify the pesticides, the findings being confirmed using Mass Spectrometric Detection. Individual detection limits were in the range of (chlorpyrifos) 0.02‐(chlor‐pyrifos‐methyl) 0.1 ng. Limits of quantification varied from (chlorpyrifos) 0.01‐(chlorpyrifos‐methyl) 0.05 mg kg^?1. The maximum residues limits of the two pesticides in the Turkish wines examined were much lower than the Turkish and European Union limits.     

Applicability of a TSA/ZrO2 catalytic membrane for the production of ethyl levulinate as raw material of gamma-valerolactone

The aim of this study is to synthesize of ethyl levulinate as raw material by the green catalytic membrane process for the produce of gamma-valerolactone by hydrogenation. Production of zirconium oxide supported tungstosilicic acid loaded hydroxyethyl cellulose catalytic membrane was done by solution casting method. Zirconium oxide supported tungstosilicic acid, which used as the catalyst, was prepared by the wet impregnation method in the laboratory. Catalyst and catalytic membrane were characterized by XRD and SEM. The reaction was carried out in the batch reactor by using catalytic membrane pieces as the catalyst. Optimum conditions were determined as the reaction temperature of 75 °C, molar feed ratio of 6:1, catalyst concentration of 2 wt.% and catalytic membrane amount of 4 wt.%. The conversion value of levulinic acid to ethyl levulinate was obtained as 86% under these conditions and catalytic membrane was used for five times without losing catalytic activity. As a result of the study, catalytic membrane was found as an efficient catalyst for the synthesis of ethyl levulinate.