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1.
Joel. L. Plawsky William N. Gill Ravi S. Achanta 《Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics》2012,23(1):48-55
Copper solubility in low-k dielectrics has been shown to be a major factor in decreasing the useful lifetime of an interconnect.
A number of groups have shown experimentally that increased surface oxygen concentration, increased moisture content in the
dielectric, and an increase in interfacial copper concentration from chemical–mechanical polishing all contribute to accelerated
failure. Here, we assumed that all these processes led to an increase in the solubility of metal at the SiO2/metal. We systematically varied the value of the interfacial solubility, Ce over a wide range and showed that the solubility strongly affects the distribution of copper and the local electric field
within the dielectric. This changes the mechanism by which failure occurs from one where copper must penetrate all the way
through the dielectric to one where copper penetration is limited to a thin layer near the surface. The solubility levels
required to alter the failure mechanism, 1026–1027 atoms/m3, are within the realm of possibility and have been reported in the context of fabricating Cu-SiO2 resistive switching elements for memory applications. 相似文献
2.
Fan Peng Seungmo Kang Xiaopeng Li Yanfeng Ouyang Kamalesh Somani Dharma Acharya 《Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering》2011,26(2):129-145
Abstract: Every year, billions of dollars are spent on rail track maintenance to keep the serviceability of the railroad network. These maintenance projects (of different types) must be performed by suitable maintenance teams within a planning horizon. This article presents a time‐space network model to solve the track maintenance scheduling problem (TMSP). The objective is to minimize the total travel costs of the maintenance teams as well as the impact of maintenance projects on railroad operation, which are formulated by three types of side constraints: mutually exclusive, time window, and precedence constraints. An iterative heuristic solution approach is proposed to solve the large‐scale TMSP model with a large number of side constraints. The proposed model and solution approach are applied to a large‐scale real‐world problem. Compared to the current industry practice the model outcome eliminated all hard side‐constraint violations and reduced the total objective value (travel costs and soft side‐constraint violation penalties) by 66.8%. 相似文献
3.
Jai Prakash Chaudhary Stalin Kondaveeti Vishal Gupta Kamalesh Prasad Ramavatar Meena 《应用聚合物科学杂志》2014,131(16)
A facile microwave‐assisted one‐pot synthesis of sodium carboxymethylagarose and calcium carboxymethylagarose from Gracilaria dura agarose (Ag) has been described. The process is user friendly, and the highest degree of substitution was obtained within 15 min compared with the conventional method, which requires more than 3 h. Solubility and gelling behavior of the modified Ag products were found to be dependent on degree of substitution of the products. The characterizations were done by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H‐ and 13C‐nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, Inductively coupled plasma spectrophotometry (ICP), rheology, conductometer analysis, and DNA gel electrophoresis. These agarose derivatives were easily soluble in water and exhibited low thermal hysteresis, improved conductivity, and improved the DNA resolution ability of the parent G. dura Ag hydrogels. These hydrogels may have potential applications in the areas including electrochemical devices, microbiology, biomedical, and pharmaceuticals fields. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 40630. 相似文献
4.
Gayatri Prasad Kamalesh Prasad Ramavatar Meena A. K. Siddhanta 《Journal of Materials Science》2009,44(15):4062-4068
A hybrid material was prepared from the hot water soluble sulphated polysaccharide of the green seaweed Chaetomorpha antennina (CMsps) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) by radical polymerization in aqueous medium under microwave irradiation. An insoluble
material was formed with the progress of the polymerization. The product was characterized by the IR spectrum and elemental
analysis, as well as by acid hydrolysis followed by mass spectrum of the hydrolysate of the hybrid CMsps–PMMA for confirming the insertion of PMMA. Comprehensive characterization of the product included TGA, XRD, ESI-MS and BET
surface analysis. The hybrid material was porous, and formed gel in water–DMSO mixture. It had the crystallinity index of
0.122, and had BET pore diameter of 3.71 nm, a size which is far larger than the molecular diameters of common natural gases
and zeolites (0.5–1.0 nm). This material may be useful in the domain of certain adsorption and catalytic applications. 相似文献
5.
AbstractIn wireless sensor network, data aggregation can cause increased transmission overhead, failures, data loss and security-related issues. Earlier works did not concentrate on both fault management and loss recovery issues. In order to overcome these drawbacks, in this paper, a reliable data aggregation scheme is proposed that uses support vector machine (SVM) for performing failure detection and loss recovery. Initially, a group head, selected based on node connectivity, splits the nodes into clusters based on their location information. In each cluster, the cluster member with maximum node connectivity is chosen as the cluster head. When the aggregator receives data from the source, it identifies node failures in the received data by classifying the faulty data using SVM. Furthermore, a reserve node-based fault recovery mechanism is developed to prevent data loss. Through simulations, we show that the proposed technique minimises the transmission overhead and increases reliability. 相似文献
6.
Seepage effects on the stability, mobility, and incipient motion of sand-bed particles are experimentally investigated. Seepage through a sand bed in a downward direction (suction) reduces the stability of particles, and it can even initiate their movement. The bed erosion is increased with the increased rates of suction. Whereas the seepage in an upward direction (injection) increases the stability of bed particles, it does not aid initiating their movement. The rate of bed erosion is reduced or even stopped by the increased injection rates. Hydrodynamic conditions leading to the so-called “pseudoincipient motion” with suction (for the initiation of particles movement that are otherwise at rest under no-seepage conditions), and with injection (for only arresting the particles movement that are otherwise moving initially) are evaluated. The conventional Shields curve cannot be used to predict such pseudoincipient motion conditions with seepage. The concepts thus developed are useful for a better understanding of the sediment transport mechanics and in the design of stable alluvial channels affected by seepage. 相似文献
7.
8.
We have investigated laser action in a binary mixture of dyes, Rh-6G and DCM, resulting in tunable laser emission over an extended frequency region. The two dyes absorb the same pump radiation but fluoresce over frequency ranges that are shifted with respect to each other, thereby resulting in extended tunability. Following a time-dependent analysis of a rate-equation model that describe the operation of such a laser, theoretical estimates for optimum dye concentrations and the corresponding extension of the laser tuning range have been obtained. 相似文献
9.
Seven different minerals (iron, magnesium, zinc, manganese, molybdenum, chromium and selenium) were incorporated separately into the yogurt mixes at 25% of their recommended dietary allowances of 15 mg, 420 mg, 15 mg, 5 mg, 200 μg, 200 μg, 70 μg, respectively. The various attributes studied on the yogurts were viscosity, syneresis, color/lightness (L*), body and texture, appearance and flavor. No significant (P>0.05) difference was observed for viscosity of the yogurts fortified with minerals when compared to the control. Yogurts fortified with iron, selenium and magnesium had better water-holding capacities compared to the control. No significant (P>0.05) differences were observed for flavor and appearance scores of the yogurts fortified with the minerals compared to the control. Fortification of yogurts with these minerals can be accomplished without adversely affecting product characteristics. 相似文献
10.