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1.
Powertrain hybridization as well as electrical energy management are imposing new requirements on electrical storage systems in vehicles. This paper characterizes the associated vehicle attributes and, in particular, the various levels of hybrids. New requirements for the electrical storage system are derived, including: shallow-cycle life, high dynamic charge acceptance particularly for regenerative braking and robust service life in sustained partial-state-of-charge usage. Lead/acid, either with liquid or absorptive glass-fibre mat electrolyte, is expected to remain the predominant battery technology for 14 V systems, including micro-hybrids, and with a cost-effective battery monitoring system for demanding applications. Advanced AGM batteries may be considered for mild or even medium hybrids once they have proven robustness under real-world conditions, particularly with respect to cycle life at partial-states-of-charge and dynamic charge acceptance. For the foreseeable future, NiMH and Li-ion are the dominating current and potential battery technologies for higher-functionality HEVs. Li-ion, currently at development and demonstration stages, offers attractive opportunities for improvements in performance and cost. Supercapacitors may be considered for pulse power applications. Aside from cell technologies, attention to the issue of system integration of the battery into the powertrain and vehicle is growing. Opportunities and challenges for potential “battery pack” system suppliers are discussed. 相似文献
2.
Cornelius Temmel Nils-Gunnar Ingesten Birger Karlsson 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》2006,37(10):2995-3007
Anisotropy of forged steel components is especially adverse when it concerns rotationally symmetric components. Manganese
sulfides (MnS) in steels may be desired for their improvement of machining properties; however, they also deteriorate fatigue
behavior. A quantification of the effect of MnS on anisotropy is necessary to find an optimum for component dimensioning.
To isolate the influence of MnS on anisotropy only, high cleanness of the test material is required. The test material in
the current investigation was molten in a vacuum furnace to high-cleanness composition. Materials with two different S levels
were produced to detect variations in anisotropy according to amount, shape, and distribution of the MnS inclusions. The two
batches were cross-rolled to plates with a deformation ratio of 4.5. The MnS phase constitutes, upon forging or rolling, pancake-shaped
inclusions. In the case of cross-rolling, an in-plane rotational symmetry of the inclusions could be created. The shape and
size of these inclusions are essential for the mechanical behavior of the material. Push-pull fatigue testing was performed
in longitudinal (in plane) and short transversal directions relative to the rolling plane. The results showed strong anisotropy
of the fatigue behavior with inferior performance in short transverse directions where the principal stress is perpendicular
to the flattened inclusions. The anisotropy was somewhat more pronounced for the high-S material, resulting from a different
fatigue crack growth mechanism. 相似文献
3.
L. B. Sjogren H-X. L. Liu X-H. Qin C. W. Domier N. C. Luhmann Jr. 《Journal of Infrared, Millimeter and Terahertz Waves》1993,14(8):1509-1529
New array design concepts are described for the phase and amplitude control of millimeter and submillimeter-wave beams. Phase shifter array designs providing increased phase range and wider bandwidth are described. Techniques involving the integration of gain-producing elements as well as tuning elements on a single array are proposed for application to high-performance beam control and beam shaping. These concepts should facilitate the further development of quasi-optical solid state device-based arrays for application to millimeter-wave electronic systems. 相似文献
4.
Johan Montagnat Ákos Frohner Daniel Jouvenot Christophe Pera Peter Kunszt Birger Koblitz Nuno Santos Charles Loomis Romain Texier Diane Lingrand Patrick Guio Ricardo Brito Da Rocha Antonio Sobreira de Almeida Zoltán Farkas 《Journal of Grid Computing》2008,6(1):45-59
The medical community is producing and manipulating a tremendous volume of digital data for which computerized archiving,
processing and analysis is needed. Grid infrastructures are promising for dealing with challenges arising in computerized
medicine but the manipulation of medical data on such infrastructures faces both the problem of interconnecting medical information
systems to Grid middlewares and of preserving patients’ privacy in a wide and distributed multi-user system. These constraints
are often limiting the use of Grids for manipulating sensitive medical data. This paper describes our design of a medical
data management system taking advantage of the advanced gLite data management services, developed in the context of the EGEE
project, to fulfill the stringent needs of the medical community. It ensures medical data protection through strict data access
control, anonymization and encryption. The multi-level access control provides the flexibility needed for implementing complex
medical use-cases. Data anonymization prevents the exposure of most sensitive data to unauthorized users, and data encryption
guarantees data protection even when it is stored at remote sites. Moreover, the developed prototype provides a Grid storage
resource manager (SRM) interface to standard medical DICOM servers thereby enabling transparent access to medical data without
interfering with medical practice. 相似文献
5.
This consolidation of unidirectional APC-2 was studied experimentally to determine the effects of processing parameters (pressure, temperature, and number of layers) on resin flow as measured by the Kozeny constant and the bulk modulus. The Kozeny constant obtained was between 0.0205 and 0.107. It was found to depend on the consolidation pressure, temperature, number of layers, and their interactions at a 99% confidence level. The value of the bulk modulus was found to be between 1.21 MPa (175 psi) and 8.58 MPa (1244 psi). It also was found to depend on the temperature, pressure, number of plies, and their interactions at a 99% confidence level. These results show the critical effects of fiber orientation on resin flow during processing. 相似文献
6.
Electron cyclotron emission imaging system in the frequency range of 95 GHz -125 GHz is going to be constructed for a two-dimensional diagnosis of the electron temperature profiles and fluctuations on the HT-7 Tokamak. The optical design for the ECEI diagnostic system is completed. Because of the superconducting technology used in HT-7, the vacuum chamber is rather thick (630 mm), the height of the horizontal windows is limited (maximum 450 mm), which constrains greatly the ECE imaging Gaussian beam that passing through the windows. We here comes to make a design compromise between the number of the beams that can pass through the windows and the spatial resolution (around 1.1 cm). We also find that due to the field curvature of the optical system, the gaussian beams of edge channels are always overlapped. To flatten the field curvature, it is needed to insert a concave made of a material with a low refractive index (compared with the one used in the convex). But the suitable material has not been avail 相似文献
7.
In existing models of causal induction, 4 types of covariation information (i.e., presence/absence of an event followed by presence/absence of another event) always exert identical influences on causal strength judgments (e.g., joint presence of events always suggests a generative causal relationship). In contrast, we suggest that, due to expectations developed during causal learning, learners give varied interpretations to covariation information as it is encountered and that these interpretations influence the resulting causal beliefs. In Experiments 1A–1C, participants' interpretations of observations during a causal learning task were dynamic, expectation based, and, furthermore, strongly tied to subsequent causal judgments. Experiment 2 demonstrated that adding trials of joint absence or joint presence of events, whose roles have been traditionally interpreted as increasing causal strengths, could result in decreased overall causal judgments and that adding trials where one event occurs in the absence of another, whose roles have been traditionally interpreted as decreasing causal strengths, could result in increased overall causal judgments. We discuss implications for traditional models of causal learning and how a more top-down approach (e.g., Bayesian) would be more compatible with the current findings. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
8.
Ove Wolfgang Arne Haugstad Birger Mo Anders Gjelsvik Ivar Wangensteen Gerard Doorman 《Energy》2009,34(10):1642
The Norwegian Energy Act that came into force in 1991 deregulated the electricity market and removed the former obligation power companies had to supply electricity to the geographical area they were responsible for. Hence producers can supply electricity on the basis of profitability. In 2007 the Energy Act was evaluated by the Government. As a part of this, a study concerning hydro reservoir handling before and after deregulation was carried out by SINTEF. Public statistics show that average hydro reservoir levels measured in per cent of reservoir capacity have been reduced after 1990. We have used the power-market model EMPS1 (EFI's Multi-area Power-market Simulator) to analyze if this reduction can be explained by natural variation in climatic variables or by structural changes that have occurred after 1990. Simulation results show that the reduced reservoir levels cannot be explained by natural variation in climatic variables. Structural changes such as increased transmission capacities can, however, explain some of the reduction. Our study does not indicate that the present reservoir handling gives reservoir levels that are too low. In this paper we also describe the stochastic dynamic optimization problem for long-term hydropower scheduling, and we explain how this problem actually is solved by the EMPS model. 相似文献
9.
A new citation search strategy is proposed for Information Retrieval (IR) based on the principle of polyrepresentation (Ingwersen, 1992, 1996). The strategy exploits logical overlaps between a range of cognitively different interpretations of the same
documents in a structured manner, i.e. so-called cognitive overlaps of representations. The strategy is essentially a "cycling
strategy" starting with documents retrieved by a subject search, wherefrom new documents are identified automatically by following
the network of citations in scientific papers backwards and forwards in time. In contrast to earlier citation search strategies
the proposed strategy does not require known relevant documents (seed documents) as a starting point, but may be based on
a subject search. A pilot study is reported where the ability of the strategy to retrieve additional relevant documents is
analysed. Results show that a very large amount of documents can be retrieved by the strategy, and that these may be segmented
in a number of distinct "overlap levels". It is demonstrated that the combined core of the higher-level overlaps contains
higher relevance density than found in the original retrieval results. Based on these results it is suggested that the documents
be displayed in order of their presence in higher-level overlaps, so as to maximise the chances that as many relevant documents
as possible will be presented first to a user.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
10.