This third part of this series of articles on laboratory diagnostics of rheumatic diseases considers the rheumatic diseases caused by infection by microorganisms, or reactive arthritides. The basis for laboratory diagnostics of infection-reactive arthritides is the investigation of anti-infection antibodies. In some situations, DNA amplification methods may be helpful. Bacterially infected joints should be immediately examined by arthrocentesis and microscopic examination and laboratory culture of the synovial fluid. 相似文献
Background: Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) after noncardiac surgery is strongly associated with increasing age in elderly patients; middle-aged patients (aged 40-60 yr) may be expected to have a lower incidence, although subjective complaints are frequent.
Methods: The authors compared the changes in neuropsychological test results at 1 week and 3 months in patients aged 40-60 yr, using a battery of neuropsychological tests, with those of age-matched control subjects using Z-score analysis. They assessed risk factors and associations of POCD with measures of subjective cognitive function, depression, and activities of daily living.
Results: At 7 days, cognitive dysfunction as defined was present in 19.2% (confidence interval [CI], 15.7-23.1) of the patients and in 4.0% (CI, 1.6-8.0) of control subjects (P < 0.001). After 3 months, the incidence was 6.2% (CI, 4.1-8.9) in patients and 4.1% (CI, 1.7-8.4) in control subjects (not significant). POCD at 7 days was associated with supplementary epidural analgesia and reported avoidance of alcohol consumption. At 3 months, 29% of patients had subjective symptoms of POCD, and this finding was associated with depression. Early POCD was associated with reports of lower activity scores at 3 months. 相似文献
Overtraining is an imbalance between training and recovery. Short term overtraining or 'over-reaching' is reversible within days to weeks. Fatigue accompanied by a number of physical and psychological symptoms in the athlete is an indication of 'staleness' or 'overtraining syndrome'. Staleness is a dysfunction of the neuroendocrine system, localised at hypothalamic level. Staleness may occur when physical and emotional stress exceeds the individual coping capacity. However, the precise mechanism has yet to be established. Clinically the syndrome can be divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic types, based upon the predominance of sympathetic or parasympathetic activity, respectively. The syndrome and its clinical manifestation can be explained as a stress response. At present, no sensitive and specific tests are available to prevent or diagnose overtraining. The diagnosis is based on the medical history and the clinical presentation. Complete recovery may take weeks to months. 相似文献
To examine the influence of cytoplasmic morphology on the success rate of
intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), the morphology of 837 metaphase II
oocytes was assessed after cumulus stripping. The main abnormalities
detected were excessive granularity, cytoplasmic inclusions such as
vacuoles, smooth endoplasmic reticulum clustering and refractile bodies.
Microinjection was performed in 538 oocytes with normal cytoplasm, 142 out
of 161 with excessive granularity and 112 out of 138 with cytoplasmic
inclusions. Very poor oocytes were not injected. No difference was found in
fertilization rate. The embryos achieved cleaved normally and a similar
number of good quality embryos among the three groups was noted. The
outcome of transfer of embryos derived solely from normal oocytes (group A:
72 patients, 183 embryos) was compared with those from oocytes with
cytoplasmic abnormalities (group B: 34 patients, 85 embryos). In group A,
17 clinical pregnancies (24% per patient, implantation rate 10%) were
established. In group B, only one clinical pregnancy (3% per patient,
implantation rate 1%) was established, from the transfer of embryos derived
from oocytes with homogeneous granularity of the cytoplasm. No pregnancy
resulted following the transfer of embryos from eggs with cytoplasmic
inclusions. The difference was statistically significant. The outcome of
ICSI is dependent on the quality of the oocytes retrieved. Normal
fertilization and early embryo development were achieved in oocytes with
abnormal cytoplasm morphology, but the resulting embryos failed to
demonstrate the same implantation potential as those derived from oocytes
with normal cytoplasm.
相似文献
1. We investigated the responses of cat lumbosacral Renshaw cells to pseudo-Poison stimulus sequences (of three different mean rates) delivered to motor axons in ventral roots or various muscle nerves. The Renshaw cell responses were evaluated by computation of peristimulus time histograms (PSTHs). 2. PSTHs computed with respect to all the stimuli showed, before the reference time, near-constant bin contents corresponding to the mean firing probability (rate), and an initial excitatory component (increase in discharge probability) after the reference time, followed by a small but longer-lasting reduction of firing rate. These two response components were strongly correlated linearly. It is suggested that the postexcitatory rate reduction is predominantly due to afterhyperpolarization. 3. In general, Renshaw cell responses to any stimulus in a stimulus train depended upon the stimulation history. In the averaged record, the response to the second of a pair of stimuli was affected by the first stimulus independently of intervening (random) stimuli. Very often, the second response showed a long-lasting depression (from 25 to greater than 250 ms). In a number of cases a briefer facilitating effect preceded the depression. 4. These conditioning effects were largely homosynaptic, i.e., confined to the particular input channel that was stimulated. This was shown by stimulating two different nerves (or nerve branches) with independent random patterns of similar mean rates and determining the cross-conditioning exerted by one input channel on the excitatory effects of the other. At small intervals between conditioning and test stimuli of some tens of milliseconds, a facilitatory effect could often be seen, which almost certainly reflected spatial summation. However, the subsequent depressant effect was largely accounted for by the postexcitatory rate reduction consequent to the conditioning stimulus in the parallel channel. Autoconditioning was still present. 5. The amount of facilitation and depression as well as their balance depended on the average Renshaw cell response. This in turn depended, at each mean stimulus rate, on the strength of synaptic coupling between an input channel and the cell, and on the mean stimulus rate, declining with an increase in mean rate. That is, the facilitation increased and the depression decreased with decreasing synaptic coupling and increasing mean stimulus rate. 6. Several factors may contribute to facilitation and depression; these are discussed with respect to their relative quantitative significance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) 相似文献