护理专业学生职业相关法律法规认知态度调查

目的了解护生对职业相关法律、法规的认知情况，为在校护生法律教育提供参考。方法采用自行设计的调查问卷，对249名护理大专和185名护理本科护生进行职业相关法律知识认知态度的调查。结果护生了解职业相关法律知识的途径分别为学校（92．4％）、媒体（66．7％）、医院（32．7％）、其他（39．6％）；护生的认知态度总分为51.92±2．43；专科护生对护士管理办法、医疗事故处理条例、民法、医疗用毒性药品管理办法、刑法、刑事诉讼法的认知态度得分显著低于本科护生（P〈0．05，P〈0．01）。结论护生对职业相关法律、法规认知态度积极，其中专科护生相对较差；应采取多种教育方式和途径提高护生认知水平，尤其应加强专科护生的教育力度。     

The effects of gossypol on expressions of transforming growth factor-β1, fibronectin and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in nephridial tissue in rats with diabetes mellitus

Objective To observe the effects of gossypol on expressions of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), fibronectin (FN) and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) in nephridial tissue in rats with diabetes mellitus. Methods Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: normal control, type 2 diabetes and gossypol treatment group . After high-fat feeding for 4 weeks, the later two groups were injected with low dosage strepozotocin (30 mg/kg) intraperitoneally to induce type 2 diabetic rat model. The rats in gossypol treated group were given gossypol at the dosage of 15 mg/kg once per day for 4 weeks by gavage. And since the 5th week, the times of gavages had been changed into once per week at the same dosage and lasted to the 12th week . The levels of blood glucose, total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-c) were measured. Additionally, the morphological changes of the kidney were studied by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy respectively. The mRNA expressions of TGF-β1, FN, 11β-HSD and 11β-HSD2 in nephridial tissue were assayed by semi-quantity RT-PCR. The protein expressions of TGF-β1 and FN in nephridial tissue were determined by immunohistochemistry. Results The blood levels of glucose, TC and LDL- c were increased significantly in type 2 diabetic group compared with normal control group(P<0. 01). The volume of glomerulus and the deposition of PAS positive substance in the glomerular interstitium were increased under light microscopy, and the glomerular basal membrane was thicker in type 2 diabetic group than those in normal control group under transmission electron microscopy. The mRNA and protein expressions of TGF-β1 and FN were increased(P<0. 01), and the mRNA expression of 11β-HSD2 was decreased(P<0. 05), while the mRNA expression of 11β-HSD1 was unchanged in type 2 diabetic group compared with normal control group. After the treatment of gossypol, the level of the blood glucose was significantly decreased(P< 0. 01), and the levels of TC, LDL-c showed a trend of decrease but had no statistical differences compared with type 2 diabetic group. The morphology of nephridial tissue was ameliorated in gossypol treatment group. The mRNA and protein expressions of TGF-β1 and FN were decreased(0. 16± 0. 02,0. 22±0. 05 ; 0. 24±0. 06,0. 33±0. 07, P< 0. 05), while the mRNA expressions of 11β-HSD1 and 11β-HSD2 were unchanged compared with type 2 diabetic group. Conclusions Gossypol can relieve the pathologic changes of nephridial tissue, inhibit the expressions of TGF-β1 and FN through decreasing blood glucose of rats with diabetes mellitus.     

急性放射性皮炎防治的研究进展

放射治疗是用各种不同能量的射线照射肿瘤,以抑制和杀灭肿瘤细胞的一种治疗方法,但放射线在杀伤肿瘤细胞同时也会损伤人体正常组织细胞.放射治疗过程中高达90％～95％的患者会出现不同程度的呈剂量依赖性的急性放射性皮炎(radiation-induced dermatitis),急性放射性皮炎在放射治疗过程中几乎不可避免,其中有1/3的患者可发展成湿性脱皮[1],给患者造成极大痛苦,降低了患者生活质量,并增加了感染危险,如预防、治疗不恰当或不及时,病情迁延常引起损伤加重,形成溃疡,有的甚至需要植皮手术治疗,将严重影响放射治疗的进程,降低放射治疗效果,给患者带来生理和心理创伤及经济压力.近年来随着三维适行放射治疗、调强放射治疗等新技术的应用,急性放射性皮炎的发生率不仅没有下降,反而呈现上升的趋势,临床医务人员一直在不断探索急性放射性皮炎的防治手段,以最大限度地减轻急性放射性皮炎,提高照射野皮肤对放射治疗的耐受性.现将急性放射性皮炎的防治进展综述如下.     

实习护生法律证据意识的现状调查及对策

目的 了解我省实习护生证据意识现状,完善临床教学对策,促进护理安全.方法 采用自行设计调查问卷对省内各大教学医院的480名初期实习护生进行证据意识现状的问卷调查,并对结果进行分析.结果 新时期下护生证据意识仍然匮乏.结论 有必要加强护生证据意识的规范教育.     

病例教学法在护理专业课教学中的应用

病例教学是根据教学目的和教学内容的要求,教师运用真实的病例或者经过精心设计的病例,将学生引入特定的情景中,引导学生对病例进行分析,提出问题,并解决问题的一种教学方法[1]。病例教学作为一种生动直观的教学形式[2],既能加深学生对理论知识的理解和记忆,也有利于实现教学方     

多媒体操作平台在护理学基础实验教学中的应用

目的提高护理学基础实验教学效果。方法将2007级护理本科生分为实验组和对照组各30人。对照组采用教师示范、学生练习的常规教学方法 ;实验组利用多媒体操作平台模拟操作过程,学生先虚拟练习,随后进入实验操作室练习。结果实验组操作技能考核成绩、人文关怀及综合分析能力得分显著高于对照组(P0.05,P0.01)。结论多媒体操作平台融入临床实际情景,具有直观、生动等特点,从而增强学生操作练习的感性认识和兴趣,提高学生的操作技能、人文关怀及综合分析能力。     

病例教学法在护理专业课教学中的应用

病例教学是根据教学目的和教学内容的要求，教师运用真实的病例或者经过精心设计的病例，将学生引入特定的情景中，引导学生对病例进行分析。提出问题，并解决问题的一种教学方法。病例教学作为一种生动直观的教学形式，既能加深学生对理论知识的理解和记忆，也有利于实现教学方式从灌输式向启发诱导式的转化，使学生自觉、主动、创造性的学习，培养学生批判性思维的能力。病例教学法以其独特的优势广泛应用于内、外、妇、儿等护理专业课的教学中，但由于缺乏与教材配套的教学病例，受教师的工作经验和知识水平的影响，病例教学在实际应用时出现了较大的随意性；规范性较差。现就病例教学法在护理专业课教学中应用体会介绍如下。[第一段]     

多媒体操作平台在护理学基础实验教学中的应用

目的重组手术室急诊手术交班程序,提升手术室急诊手术护理质量。方法分析现有交接班流程存在的问题,对手术室急诊手术交班时间、形式、地点、内容进行了重组、充实,建立一套标准化急诊手术交班程序并全面实施。结果急诊交班制度重组前后,由交接班引起的工作缺陷发生率比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论重组后的手术室急诊手术程序化交班制度可有效提升急诊手术护理质量,减少护理工作缺陷。     

放疗模拟定位机在PICC导管异位中的应用

目的：探讨放疗模拟定位机在PICC导管异位中的应用价值。方法：将56例患者异位入颈外静脉、右心房、锁骨下静脉、腋静脉及头臂静脉的导管,在放疗模拟定位机下进行机下调管。正位后应用计算机的可视功能确定导管头端是否位于上腔静脉．记录正位后导管头端的位置及成功率。结果：56例导管异位患者中,除2例血管畸形者,正位成功率为85．2％。结论：放疗模拟定位机是一种实用、直观、简便、科学的用于PICC导管异位后正位的机器,值得临床推广。