Empirically derived subtypes of adolescent depression: Latent profile analysis of co-occurring symptoms in the Treatment for Adolescents with Depression Study (TADS).

A latent profile analysis was conducted on the co-occurring symptoms of 423 adolescents diagnosed with major depressive disorder as part of the Treatment for Adolescents with Depression Study (TADS), a multisite, randomized treatment trial. The participants had a mean (SD) age of 14.6 (1.5) years; of the sample, 45.6% was male and 73.8% was white. Scores on the primary subscales of Conners' Parent Rating Scale-Revised were used as indicators in the analysis. Five classes of symptoms best described the clinical presentation of adolescents enrolled in the TADS. Of the adolescents in the sample, 80% were assigned to classes with clinically significant elevations on 1 or more subscales of the Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised. The 5 classes met empirical criteria for distinctiveness and were validated against clinical diagnoses, child-rated symptoms, and clinician-rated functional impairment. The findings are consistent with prior studies that showed a high rate of co-occurring symptoms among depressed adolescents. The discussion focuses on understanding subtypes and comorbidity in adolescent depression as well as the implications for treatment and for prevention. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Life events and post-traumatic stress: the development of a new measure for children and adolescents

BACKGROUND: A new interview measure of life events and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been developed for children and adolescents aged 9 through 17, for use in both epidemiological and clinical studies. It includes 'high magnitude' events associated with PTSD as well as other 'low magnitude' events. METHOD: The interview is designed as a module of the Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment, an interviewer-based interview conducted with parent and child separately by trained lay interviewers. The module includes: (1) questions about a wide range of events; (2) a screen for key PTSD symptoms (painful recall, avoidance, hypervigilance); and (3) a detailed interview on all PTSD symptoms, including onset, duration, severity and co-morbidity. A test-retest reliability study was conducted with 58 parents and children, who were interviewed twice by different interviewers. RESULTS: Intraclass correlations were 0.72 (child) and 0.83 (parent) for high magnitude events, and 0.62 (child) and 0.58 (parent) for low magnitude events. Kappa coefficients ranged from high for violence and sexual abuse to low for child reports of serious accidents and natural disasters. The reliability of the PTSD screen symptoms was fair to excellent (kappa = 0.40-0.79), and reliability of PTSD symptoms in those who passed the screen was excellent (ICC = 0.94-0.99). Compared with a general population sample (N = 1015), the clinic-referred subjects and their parents were twice as likely to report a traumatic event and, depending on the event, up to 25 times as likely to report symptoms of PTSD. CONCLUSIONS: The results support the reliability and discriminant validity of the measure.     

Leon Battista Alberti as Author of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Hypnerotomachia Poliphili</Emphasis>

The enigmatic Hypnerotomachia Poliphili published anonymously in 1499 has long posed puzzles for historians and other scholars. This present text argues that the volume can credibly be attributed, not to Francesca Colonna as is often done, but to the Renaissance humanist and polymath Leon Battista Alberti. Evidence for this is found in the unravelling of arithmogrammatical evidence sprinkled throughout the work, similar to those found in other of Alberti’s works.     

Constrained multifidelity optimization using model calibration

Multifidelity optimization approaches seek to bring higher-fidelity analyses earlier into the design process by using performance estimates from lower-fidelity models to accelerate convergence towards the optimum of a high-fidelity design problem. Current multifidelity optimization methods generally fall into two broad categories: provably convergent methods that use either the high-fidelity gradient or a high-fidelity pattern-search, and heuristic model calibration approaches, such as interpolating high-fidelity data or adding a Kriging error model to a lower-fidelity function. This paper presents a multifidelity optimization method that bridges these two ideas; our method iteratively calibrates lower-fidelity information to the high-fidelity function in order to find an optimum of the high-fidelity design problem. The algorithm developed minimizes a high-fidelity objective function subject to a high-fidelity constraint and other simple constraints. The algorithm never computes the gradient of a high-fidelity function; however, it achieves first-order optimality using sensitivity information from the calibrated low-fidelity models, which are constructed to have negligible error in a neighborhood around the solution. The method is demonstrated for aerodynamic shape optimization and shows at least an 80% reduction in the number of high-fidelity analyses compared other single-fidelity derivative-free and sequential quadratic programming methods. The method uses approximately the same number of high-fidelity analyses as a multifidelity trust-region algorithm that estimates the high-fidelity gradient using finite differences.     

Forty Years of Shape and Shape Grammars, 1971 �C 2011

Guest Editor Lionel March introduces Nexus Network Journal volume 13 number 1 (Winter 2010) dedicated to Shape and Shape Grammar.     

Delayed childbearing--are there any risks?

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether women delivering their first child at age 35 years or older are at increased risk of adverse (non-genetic) pregnancy outcomes. DESIGN AND SETTING: A cross-sectional analytic study of singleton deliveries in Northern Sydney Area Health Service (NSAHS) hospitals. PARTICIPANTS: All women aged > or = 20 years delivering their first child between 1 January 1990 and 31 December 1991. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Obstetric complications and procedures, type of delivery and neonatal outcomes. RESULTS: Compared with women aged 20-29 years, women delivering their first child at > or = 35 years were at increased risk of pre-existing maternal hypertension (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 3.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.7-7.0), antepartum haemorrhage (adjusted OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.6-3.7), preterm delivery (33-36 weeks) (adjusted OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.5-2.8) and breech presentation (adjusted OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.3-2.4). Women aged > or = 35 years were also substantially more likely to have an operative delivery, induced labour and/or epidural anaesthesia. Neither these women nor their infants were at increased risk of pregnancy-induced hypertension, gestational diabetes, threatened premature labour, postpartum haemorrhage, very preterm delivery (< or = 32 weeks), perinatal death, low Apgar scores or the need for neonatal resuscitation. CONCLUSIONS: Women who delay the birth of their first child face some increased risks, but these risks, for the most part, are manageable in the context of modern obstetric care.     

SOLUBILITY OF Ca IN Mn AND INTERACTION COEFFICIENTS OF Al AND Fe ON Ca IN Mn AT 1350℃

本文测定了1350℃时液态金属Ca在纯Mn液中和Mn合金溶液中的溶解度,并计算出Mn液中Al及Fe对Ca的活度相互作用系数。实验结果表明Al对Ca有很强的相互作用,使Ca的溶解度增加,而Fe却使Ca的溶解度下降。本文还就液态Ca溶于Mn液的标准溶解自由能进行了估算。     

Multi-objective Topology Optimization of Thermo-mechanical Compliant Mechanisms

The material characteristics of a structure will change with temperature variation,and will induce stress within the structure.Currently,the optimal design for the topology of compliant mechanisms is mainly performed in single physical field.However,when compliant mechanisms work in high temperature environments,their displacement outputs are generated not only by mechanical load,but also by the temperature variation which may become the prominent factor.Therefore,the influence of temperature must be considered in the design.In this paper,a novel optimization method for multi-objective topology of thermo-mechanical compliant mechanisms is presented.First,the thermal field is analyzed with finite-element method,where the thermal strain is taken into account in the constitutive relation,and the equivalent nodal thermal load is derived with the principle of virtual work.Then the thermal load is converted into physical loads in elastic field,and the control equation of the thermo-mechanical compliant mechanism is obtained.Second,the mathematical model of the multi-objective topology optimization is built by incorporating both the flexibility and stiffness.Meanwhile,the coupling sensitivity function and the sensitivity analysis equations of thermal steady-state response are derived.Finally,optimality criteria algorithm is employed to obtain numerical solution of the multi-objective topology optimization.Numerical examples show that the compliant mechanisms have better performance and are more applicable if the temperature effect is taken into account in the design process.The presented modeling and analysis methods provide a new idea and an effective approach to topology optimization of compliant mechanisms in electrothermic coupling field and multiphysics fields.     

The feasibility and outcome of clinic plus Internet delivery of cognitive-behavior therapy for childhood anxiety.

Seventy-two clinically anxious children, aged 7 to 14 years, were randomly allocated to clinic-based, cognitive-behavior therapy, the same treatment partially delivered via the Internet, or a wait-list control (WL). Children in the clinic and clinic-plus-Internet conditions showed significantly greater reductions in anxiety from pre- to posttreatment and were more likely to be free of their anxiety diagnoses, compared with the WL group. Improvements were maintained at 12-month follow-up for both therapy conditions, with minimal difference in outcomes between interventions. The Internet treatment content was highly acceptable to families, with minimal dropout and a high level of therapy compliance. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)