Image processing using cellular neural networks based on multi-valued and universal binary neurons

Multi-valued and universal binary neurons (MVN and UBN) are the neural processing elements with the complex-valued weights and high functionality. It is possible to implement an arbitrary mapping described by partially defined multiple-valued function on the single MVN. An arbitrary mapping described by partially defined or fully defined Boolean function, which can be non-threshold, may be implemented on the single UBN. The quickly converging learning algorithms exist for both types of neurons. Such features of the MVN and UBN may be used for solving the different problems. One of the most successful applications of the MVN and UBN is their usage as basic neurons in the Cellular Neural Networks (CNN). It opens the new effective opportunities in nonlinear image filtering and its applications to noise reduction, edge detection and solving of the super resolution problem. A number of experimental results are presented to illustrate the performance of the proposed algorithms.An erratum to this article can be found at     

Information-Based Evaluation Criterion for Classifier's Performance

In the past few years many systems for learning decision rules from examples were developed. As different systems allow different types of answers when classifying new instances, it is difficult to appropriately evaluate the systems' classification power in comparison with other classification systems or in comparison with human experts. Classification accuracy is usually used as a measure of classification performance. This measure is, however, known to have several defects. A fair evaluation criterion should exclude the influence of the class probabilities which may enable a completely uninformed classifier to trivially achieve high classification accuracy. In this paper a method for evaluating the information score of a classifier's answers is proposed. It excludes the influence of prior probabilities, deals with various types of imperfect or probabilistic answers and can be used also for comparing the performance in different domains.     

The 9p21 region in bladder cancer cell lines: large homozygous deletion inactivate the CDKN2, CDKN2B and MTAP genes

Homozygous and hemizygous deletions of 9p21 are the earliest and most common genetic alteration in bladder cancer. The identification of two cell cycle regulators, CDKN2 and CDKN2B, that map to the common region of deletion has prompted the hypothesis that they are critical tumor suppressor genes in this malignancy. However, controversy as to whether these genes are the only or even the most important target in bladder cancer oncogenesis remains. To more clearly determine the effect of these 9p21 alterations, we mapped the homozygous deletions and performed a detailed mutational and expression analysis for CDKN2, CDKN2B and a closely linked gene, methylthioadenoside phosphorylase (MTAP), in 16 established bladder cancer cell lines. Nine of the 16 lines exhibit large (30 to > 2000 kb) homozygous deletions on 9p21. All deletions include at least one exon of CDKN2, eight of nine include CDKN2B, and six of nine include MTAP. MTAP function correlates with the genomic deletions. SSCP and sequence analysis does not reveal any inactivating point mutations of CDKN2 or of CDKN2B in any of the cell lines without homozygous deletions, and all express the CDKN2 and the CDKN2B mRNA as well as the encoded p16 protein. The p16 protein levels vary widely and are correlated with absent pRb expression. We conclude that the 9p21 deletions in bladder cancer usually inactivate the CDKN2. CDKN2B, and MTAP genes but that CDKN2 is the most common target. Other mechanisms for inactivating this gene in bladder cancer appear to be uncommon.     

Current operational amplifiers: Basic architecture,properties, exploitation and future

This review paper describes all major considerations of the design of current operational amplifiers (COAs). It is demonstrated, that the single-input, differential-output COA as the adjoint element to the differentialinput, single-output voltage operational amplifier (VOA) is employable in current processing circuits alike the VOAs in voltage processing circuits. On an example of a basic one-high-gain-stage current-operational-amplifier architecture the procedure and the strategy of the design is explained and the main first and second order properties of this device are described. The paper is concluded showing elementary approaches of the derivation of the exploitation of the COAs in current processing circuits interreciprocal to voltage processing circuits and discussing the considerations of the exploitation of the COAs in VLSI designs.     

On connections between 3-d microstructures and their 2-d images

The problem of recovery of three-dimensional microstructural parameters from two-dimensional images is addressed in its inverse form. Three-dimensional inhomogeneous solids with known microstructures are generated virtually and images of their cross-sections are analyzed. Three different types of randomly oriented microcracks and microcracks having preferential orientation with some scatter. Somewhat unexpected result is that, in all the cases considered, three-dimensional defect densities are very close to average values of corresponding two-dimensional parameters.     

The generalized Kuhn model of linear viscoelasticity

We propose a generalization of the Kuhn model of linear viscoelasticity. This generalization, which has four material parameters, is able to provide a near frequency independent response over a wide range of frequencies. It is useful for highly dissipative materials such as asphalt concrete. It is derived by generalizing Lubliner and Panoskaltsis’s modified Kuhn model, but we also show that it is closely related to fractional derivative models. We show that the model admits a rheological approximation, that is, an approximation by classical springs and dashpots. The model and rheological representation are compared to experimental data.     

Depressed mood does not explain neuropsychological deficits in HIV-infected persons.

The relationship of depressed mood to cognitive disturbance in HIV infection was examined in a sample of 139 homosexual men. Ss were grouped according to the classification of the Centers for Disease Control: 39 were in Group IV, 62 were in Group II or Group III, and 38 were HIV-negative. Ss completed the Profile of Mood States and 10 neuropsychological tests. Analysis employing a classification approach indicated that, although symptoms of depression and neuropsychological impairment were more common in Ss who were HIV-positive, particularly those classified as Group IV, there were no systematic relationships between depression and neuropsychological impairment. Depressed mood and cognitive disturbance each seem to have unique associations to HIV illness status. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Chromosome comparison between populations of the collared peccary, Tayassu tajacu, raised in captivity

The collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu) is widely distributed over the American continent, being found from the south of the USA to the north of Argentina. In Brazil, it is spread all over the country, being one of the potential species to be raised in captivity. Therefore, the cytogenetic techniques could be a potential tool for reproductive monitoring of animals raised in captivity, mainly when destined for commercial purposes. This study had the objective of determining the chromosome number of two populations raised in captivity and characterizing them by GTG banding. For this purpose, an analysis was made of mitotic metaphases obtained from lymphocyte cultures made from blood samples of 11 animals, six of which from the Northeast and five from the North of Brazil. The results of this analysis showed the same karyotype pattern for the species (2n=30 chromosomes and NF=48), besides corresponding to the South American pattern of the species, i.e., without a translocation between autosomes 1 and 8, chromosome X acrocentric, and no differences were found between the two populations studied. However, chromosomal polymorphisms were observed compared to data from the literature on populations from North and South America.     

Design of thermophoretic probe for precise particle sampling

We proposed a design methodology for improved thermophoretic probes that can sample particles with high spatial resolution. A bending vibration analysis for the instantaneous motion of a probe has been done together with direct observation of the probe motion and flow disturbance for systematic study of the effect of different designs on particle sampling. Direct observation of the motion of thermophoretic sampling probes revealed that the probe with a low stiffness would result in inaccurate particle sampling. Based on these, the thermophoretic sampling probe was modified to minimize probe vibration and flow disturbance and this modified design was confirmed to sample particles with higher spatial resolution than the original one by examining transmission electron microscope (TEM) images of particles collected in a flame.     

Mesomorphism of Lanthanide(Ⅲ) 4-Hexyloxybenzoates

The 4-alkoxybenzoic acids are well-known liquid crystals showing several mesophases(nematic,smectic C phase or both)depending on the alkoxy chain length and whereby the rigid core of the mesogen is formed by intermolecular hydrogen bonds.In this paper it is shown that the thermal behaviour of lanthanide salts of 4-hexyloxybenzoic acids depends on the lanthanide ion(Ln=La,Pr,Nd,Sm,Eu).The lanthanum(Ⅲ)and praseodymium(Ⅲ)4-hexyloxybenzoates exhibit a smectic A mesophase.No mesophase is found for the corresponding compounds of heavier lanthanides.The thermal properties of the lanthanide(Ⅲ)4-hexyloxybenzoates were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry(DSC),polarising thermo-optical microscopy and synchrotron X-ray radiation.