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1.
Analogue switch for very low-voltage applications 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Munoz F. Ramirez-Angulo J. Lopez-Martin A. Carvajal R.G. Torralba A. Palomo B. Kachare M. 《Electronics letters》2003,39(9):701-702
A new analogue switch suitable for operation at very low-voltage supply in a standard CMOS technology is presented. The proposed switch is based on 'quasi-floating-gate' transistors and has a simple and compact structure. For illustrative purposes, two sample-and-hold circuits operating from a single supply voltage close to the threshold voltage of a transistor, and using the proposed technique, are presented. Experimental results obtained from prototypes in a 1.5 /spl mu/m CMOS technology are provided. 相似文献
2.
Low supply voltage high-performance CMOS current mirror with low input and output voltage requirements 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Ramirez-Angulo J. Carvajal R.G. Torralba A. 《Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs, IEEE Transactions on》2004,51(3):124-129
This paper presents a scheme for the efficient implementation of a low supply voltage continuous-time high-performance CMOS current mirror with low input and output voltage requirements. This circuit combines a shunt input feedback and a regulated cascode output stage to achieve low input resistance and very high output resistance. It can be used as a high-precision current mirror in analog and mixed signal circuits with a power supply close to a transistor's threshold voltage. The proposed current mirror has been simulated and a bandwidth of 40 MHz has been obtained. An experimental chip prototype has been sent for fabrication and has been experimentally verified, obtaining 0.15-V input-output voltage requirements, 100-/spl Omega/ input resistance, and more than 200-M/spl Omega/ (G/spl Omega/ ideally) output resistance with a 1.2-V supply in a standard CMOS technology. 相似文献
3.
Ramirez-Angulo J. Sawant M.S. Lopez-Martin A. Carvajal R.G. 《Electronics letters》2005,41(10):570-572
A high-performance compact current mirror implementation with very low input resistance, very high output resistance, high copying accuracy, low input and output voltage supply requirements and high bandwidth is proposed. The circuit characteristics are validated with simulations in 0.5 /spl mu/m CMOS technology and with experimental results. 相似文献
4.
Marcela Brugnach Andrew Tagg Florian Keil Wim J. de Lange 《Water Resources Management》2007,21(7):1075-1090
The use of computer models offers a general and flexible framework that can help to deal with some of the complexities and
difficulties associated with the development of water management plans as prescribed by the Water Framework Directive. However,
despite the advantages modelling presents, the integration of information derived from models into policy is far away from
being trivial or the norm. Part of the difficulties of this integration is rooted in the lack of confidence policy makers
have on the incorporation of modelling information into policy formulation. In this paper we examine the reasons for this
apparent lack of confidence and explore how some tools, presently in use, address this problem. We conclude that public confidence
in models is highly dependent on the way uncertainties are addressed and suggest possible directions of action to improve
the current situation. Four real case studies illustrate how computer models have been used in The Netherlands for carrying
out management plans at regional and national scale. We suggest that the solution to integrate modelling information into
policy formulation lies on both the modelling and the policy-making communities. 相似文献
5.
Burns G. Leonard; Gomez Rapson; Walsh James A.; de Moura Marcela Alves 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2003,15(1):118
G. J. DuPaul (see record 2003-02033-012) offered two suggestions for additional research to understand the strong source effects reported by R. Gomez, G. L Burns, J. A. Walsh, and M. A. de Moura (see record 2003-02033-001) in attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) rating scales. The first suggestion was to determine whether the source effects represent mostly bias or accuracy. The second suggestion was to minimize source effects through the development of better ADHD rating scales. Because source effects can represent bias or accuracy, it is important to minimize the bias aspect through content validation procedures prior to attempts to determine whether source effects better reflect bias or accuracy. This comment offers various suggestions to reduce the bias in ADHD rating scales. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
6.
Delba N.C. Melo Eduardo C. Vasco De Toledo Marcela M. Santos Salah D.M. Hasan Maria Regina Wolf Maciel Rubens Maciel Filho 《Computers & Chemical Engineering》2005,29(11-12):2485
In order to develop and test the integration procedure, in this paper a real time process integration involving the optimization and control of the process is presented, in this case, with the two-layer approach. The used optimization algorithms were Levenberg–Marquardt and SQP that solve a non-linear least square problem subject to bounds on the variables. The two-layer approach is a hierarchical control structure where an optimization layer calculates the set points and manipulated variables to the advanced controller, which is based on the dynamic matrix control with constraints (QDMC). The non-isothermal dynamic model of the three-phase slurry catalytic reactor with appropriate solution procedure was utilized in this work (Vasco de Toledo, E. C., Santana, P. L., Maciel, M. R. W., & Maciel Filho, R. (2001). Dynamic modeling of a three-phase catalytic slurry reactor. Chemical Engineering Science, 56, 6055–6061). The model consists on mass and heat balance equations for the catalyst particles as well as for the bulk phases of gas and liquid. The model was used to describe the dynamic behavior of hydrogenation reaction of o-cresol to obtain 2-methil-cyclohexanol, in the presence of a catalyst Ni/SiO2. 相似文献
7.
Databases are the core of Information Systems (IS). It is, therefore, necessary to ensure the quality of the databases in order to ensure the quality of the IS. Metrics are useful mechanisms for controlling database quality. This paper presents two metrics related to referential integrity, number of foreign keys (NFK) and depth of the referential tree (DRT) for controlling the quality of a relational database. However, to ascertain the practical utility of the metrics, experimental validation is necessary. This validation can be carried out through controlled experiments or through case studies. The controlled experiments must also be replicated in order to obtain firm conclusions. With this objective in mind, we have undertaken different empirical work with metrics for relational databases. As a part of this empirical work, we have conducted a case study with some metrics for relational databases and a controlled experiment with two metrics presented in this paper. The detailed experiment described in this paper is a replication of the later one. The experiment was replicated in order to confirm the results obtained from the first experiment.
As a result of all the experimental works, we can conclude that the NFK metric is a good indicator of relational database complexity. However, we cannot draw such firm conclusions regarding the DRT metric. 相似文献
8.
The study is focused on the external and internal mass transfers of lipids during their biodegradation process in a bioreactor with stationary basket bed of immobilized Bacillus spp. cells. By means of the lipid mass balance for a single particle of biocatalyst, considering the kinetic model adapted for the immobilized bacterial cells, specific mathematical models have been developed to estimate their mass flows in the liquid boundary layer surrounding the particle and inside the particle. The values of mass flows are significantly influenced by the internal diffusion velocity of lipids and the rate of their consumption, but also by the position inside the basket bed. These influences accumulated led to the appearance of a biological inactive region near the particle centre, its magnitude varying from 1.3 to 49.4% of the overall volume of particles. 相似文献
9.
We have proposed the use of autonomous agents for coping with some of the challenges of creating ambient computing systems. The motivation of this research is that ambient computing environments are characterized by the distribution, reactivity, collaboration and adaptation of their artifacts, which are also characteristics attributed to software agents. To assist developers in creating the software entities of an ambient computing environment, the Simple Agent Library for Smart Ambients (SALSA) was created. The SALSA middleware and architecture enables the creation of autonomous agents reactive to the context of the ambient computing environment. SALSA agents can represent users, resources, or wrap complex system functionality of the environment. The aim of this paper is to provide evidence that SALSA facilitates the implementation of ambient computing services through autonomous agents. Unfortunately, the literature on Ubicomp development frameworks has, aside from a few exceptions, not reported experimental evaluation of their usability. The evaluations of Ubicomp development platforms have not addressed this issue since their evaluations have been mostly focused on performance and to prove feasibility. We present the results of an empirical evaluation conducted to assess the use of SALSA. This study included in-lab programming experiments and design exercises to evaluate the programming facilities provided by SALSA agents. Even though for some of the evaluation participants the use of autonomous agents as an abstraction for the development of ubiquitous computing systems was not innate, the evaluation results demonstrate that the execution model of SALSA and its facilities to implement Ubicomp systems are comprehensible. 相似文献
10.
Skeletal muscle is a highly adaptable organ, and its amount declines under catabolic conditions such as critical illness. Aging is accompanied by a gradual loss of muscle, especially when physical activity decreases. Intensive care unit-acquired weakness is a common and highly serious neuromuscular complication in critically ill patients. It is a consequence of critical illness and is characterized by a systemic inflammatory response, leading to metabolic stress, that causes the development of multiple organ dysfunction. Muscle dysfunction is an important component of this syndrome, and the degree of catabolism corresponds to the severity of the condition. The population of critically ill is aging; thus, we face another negative effect—sarcopenia—the age-related decline of skeletal muscle mass and function. Low-grade inflammation gradually accumulates over time, inhibits proteosynthesis, worsens anabolic resistance, and increases insulin resistance. The cumulative consequence is a gradual decline in muscle recovery and muscle mass. The clinical manifestation for both of the above conditions is skeletal muscle weakness, with macromolecular damage, and a common mechanism—mitochondrial dysfunction. In this review, we compare the molecular mechanisms underlying the two types of muscle atrophy, and address questions regarding possible shared molecular mechanisms, and whether critical illness accelerates the aging process. 相似文献