Characterization and tests of planar Co3O4 model catalysts prepared by chemical vapor deposition

The chemical vapor deposition method was used to deposit thin films of cobalt oxide starting with cobalt (II) acetylacetonate and oxygen. The deposition process was investigated and the obtained films were identified as a cubic spinel-type polycrystalline Co₃O₄ with a crystallite size of 30–40 nm. The coating was carbon-free and the surface oxygen concentration was measured to be 66 at.% with AES analysis. Smooth and highly uniform thin films were deposited on planar stainless steel substrates and subjected to TPR and catalysis tests that show positive correlation. The apparent activation energy of Co₃O₄ reduction to CoO was measured to be (33±5) kJ/mol. The catalytic activity of Co₃O₄ was investigated toward the conversion of both propane and ethanol to carbon dioxide. Though the catalytic action was registered at the same temperature, the deactivation process was seen to be different. The catalytic conversion of ethanol induces a fast deactivation process, which was linked to its high ability to reduce Co₃O₄.     

Effect of Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> particles on the microstructure and sliding wear of 7075 Al alloy manufactured by squeeze casting method

Aluminum (Al) alloy 7075 reinforced with Al₂O₃ particles was prepared using the stir casting method. The microstructure of the cast composites showed some degree of porosity and sites of Al₂O₃ particle clustering, especially at high-volume fractions of Al₂O₃ particles. Different squeeze pressures (25 and 50 MPa) were applied to the cast composite during solidification to reduce porosity and particle clusters. Microstructure examinations of the squeeze cast composites showed remarkable grain refining compared with that of the matrix alloy. As the volume fraction of particles and applied squeeze pressure increased, the hardness linearly increased. This increase was related to the modified structure and the decrease in the porosity. The effect of particle volume fraction and squeeze pressure on the dry-sliding wear of the composites was studied. Experiments were performed at 10, 30, and 50 N with a sliding speed of 1 m/s using a pin-on-ring apparatus. Increasing the particle volume fraction and squeeze pressure improved the wear resistance of the composite compared with that of the monolithic alloy, because the Al₂O₃ particles acted as load-bearing constituents. Also, these results can be attributed to the fact that the application of squeeze pressure during solidification led to a reduction in the porosity, and an increase in the solidification rate, leading to a finer structure. Moreover, the application of squeeze pressure improved the interface strength between the matrix and Al₂O₃ particles by elimination of the porosity at the interface, thereby providing better mechanical locking.     

Eliminating Selective Dropping Attack in Mobile Ad Hoc Network

Wireless Personal Communications - In this paper, we propose a new reputation approach, called I-WD (improved WatchDog). We attempt to eliminate selective dropping attack that ensue when malicious...     

Inspection strategy for availability improvement

In this paper, an inspection strategy is proposed for systems subject to random shocks and whose state is only known through inspection. The shocks magnitudes and times between shocks arrivals are random variables. Each shock induces an amount of damage to the system which is gradually weakened as damage accumulates. The system fails when the total damage exceeds some threshold level. The proposed inspection strategy suggests to inspect the system at predetermined times T₁, T₂,...T _k . If failure is detected, then the system is repaired to a state as good as new, otherwise, it is kept operating. The expression of the system availability is derived. A numerical procedure is developed to generate an inspection sequence which maximizes the system availability. The proposed strategy has been developed for some critical subsystems of trees harvesters. An illustrative example is provided.     

Optimum block replacement policy over a random time horizon

In this paper we consider the block replacement policy (BRP) for a system operating over a random time horizon. Under such a policy, a system is replaced by a new one either at failure or at a given time interval. The optimality criterion is the expected total replacements cost. Conditions under which an optimal replacement period exits are given. It is shown that BRP over an infinite time horizon is obtained as a particular case of the present work. A numerical example is given to illustrate the proposed replacement model.     

Knowledgeable Cyberbrokers for electronic markets

Electronic commerce is just beginning to be realisable. A number of technological, sociological and economic developments will be required before a large-scale roll out of electronic commerce can be expected. An architectural framework should be defined and needs to incorporate the semantics of contracting and negotiation based on knowledge technology. Electronic commerce has recently increased the demand for personalisation capabilities dramatically. This would imply the use of user-adaptive agents. Because electronic commerce is intrinsically interactive with virtual catalogues, this framework should make such interaction possible. This framework is centred around the Cyber e-Broker concept based on knowledge-based agents. Electronic commerce involves parties that may belong to different domains or administrations with different ontologies. This framework should enable manipulation of such information and enable conversion between ontologies. The e-broker ensures the correct negotiation protocols, and enforces the constraints and contracts, but also interacts with the virtual catalogues.     

Behavioral adaptation of information systems through goal models

Customizing software to perfectly fit individual needs is becoming increasingly important in information systems engineering. Users want to be able to customize software behavior through reference to terms familiar to their diverse needs and experience. We present a requirements-driven approach to behavioral customization of software systems. Goal models are constructed to represent alternative behaviors that users can exhibit to achieve their goals. Customization information is then added to restrict the space of possibilities to those that fit specific users, contexts, or situations. Meanwhile, elements of the goal models are mapped to units of source code. This way, customization preferences posed at the requirements level are directly translated into system customizations. Our approach, which we apply to an on-line shopping cart system and an automated teller machine simulator, does not assume adoption of a particular development methodology, platform, or variability implementation technique and keeps the reasoning computation overhead from interfering with the execution of the configured application.     

Synthesis, structure and catalytic properties of Fe-substituted barium hexaaluminates

A sol–gel method using Ba and Al isopropylates and iron nitrate has been used to synthesise barium hexaaluminate partially substituted with iron. After calcination under oxygen at 1200°C the -alumina structure was obtained. Formation of the mixed BaFe_xAl_12-xO₁₉ phase occurred for x=1–4. XRD measurements showed a good crystallinity of the structure and expansion of unit cell parameters due to the presence of larger Fe³⁺ ions substituting Al³⁺ ones in octahedral sites only. Mössbauer spectroscopy revealed that Fe³⁺ ions are present in four different octahedral sites slightly distorted. Catalytic activity in methane combustion showed that an optimum was obtained for solid containing 2 Fe ions per unit cell: the increase of the amount of introduced iron was counterbalanced by the decrease of specific surface area. Intrinsic activities have been calculated for the four solids in both the fresh and aged states. It is observed that increasing iron content increases relative activities in the same ratio as the populations of iron located in two sites as deduced from Mössbauer spectroscopy. It is then tentatively assumed that activity is attributed to octahedrally coordinated Fe³⁺ ions in some specific sites.     

Using Fuzzy Cost‐Based FMEA,GRA and Profitability Theory for Minimizing Failures at a Healthcare Diagnosis Service

This paper proposes an integrated approach to identify, evaluate and improve the potential failures in a service setting. This integrated approach combines Fuzzy cost‐based service‐specific FMEA (FCS‐FMEA), Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) and profitability theory for better prioritization of the service failures by considering cost as an important issue and using the profitability theory in a way that the corrective actions costs are taken into account. Considering profitability with FCS‐FMEA and GRA reduces the losses caused by failure occurrence. Besides, a maximization linear mathematical problem is used to select the best mix of failures to be repaired. We apply our approach to an academic example concerning the potential failures diagnosis of the Internal Medicine service of a hospital located in Seoul, Korea. We applied our approach and solved the associated maximization problem by a commercial solver, producing an optimal solution which indicates the most convenient mix of failures to be repaired by considering available budget. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Development and numerical validation of a new model for walls with phase change materials implemented in TRNSYS

This paper presents a model of a wall with variable properties dedicated to modelling phase change materials (PCMs) in building envelopes. The model is implemented in the TRNSYS simulation tool and referred to as Type 3258. The 1-D conduction heat transfer equation is solved using an explicit finite-difference method coupled with an enthalpy method to consider the variable PCM thermal capacity. This model includes temperature-dependent thermal conductivity and PCM-specific effects like hysteresis and supercooling. The stability conditions are discussed and the algorithm implemented in TRNSYS is described. A numerical validation performed on wall test cases proposed by the International Energy Agency is presented, showing that the developed model is in agreement with reference models. The paper also discusses the impact of temporal and spatial discretization on the model performance. Modelling problems encountered when using an effective heat capacity method (compared to an enthalpy method) and when representing supercooling are also discussed.