Until recently, an HIV test was of limited importance for persons who had been at risk for HIV as effective drugs were not available. With the advent of a new generation of antiretroviral drugs with beneficial effect after early treatment, knowledge of the HIV serostatus has become of more importance to asymptomatic persons. There is no need for a mass screening campaign however, as there is no cure as yet. 相似文献
Our objective was to determine the effect of level and chemical form of dietary selenium on productivity of beef cows, concentrations of triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4) in plasma, and immunoglobulins (IgG and IgM) in plasma and colostrum of cows. Pregnant cows (n = 60) were randomly allocated among four dietary treatments of 20, 60, or 120 ppm Se as selenite and 60 ppm as selenomethionine from selenized yeast (SeY) in salts offered free-choice. Treatments began 90 d prepartum and continued through the second parturition. Treatments did not affect the final body weights of cows or birth weights or weaning weights of calves. At parturition, cows given salt with 20 ppm Se as selenite had lower (P < . 05) concentrations of Se in blood than cows with access to higher-Se salts. Treatments affected (P < .01) the concentration of T3 and the ratio of T3:T4 in plasma of cows. The concentration of T3 in plasma of cows with access to salt with 20 ppm Se was 14% lower than that in cows supplemented with 60 ppm Se as selenite or SeY. Plasma IgG in cows and calves, colostrum, and Se concentrations in colostrum, casein, and whey were lowest (P < .01) for cows given salt with only 20 ppm Se. Thus, salts with concentrations of 60 and 120 ppm Se improved measures of Se status in cows and calves. Consideration should be given to the concentrations of T3 and IgG when determining the nutritional requirements for Se in cattle. 相似文献
Ethylene-propylene copolymers have been prepared by using Ziegler-Natta catalysts based on TiCl4, MgCl2, PCl3 and (n-Bu)3PO4. The catalysts TiCl4/MgCl2/PCl3 and TiCl4/MgCl2/(n-Bu)3PO4 were prepared by reacting TiCl4 with pretreated MgCl2. The support was prepared by ball milling of MgCl2 with varied amounts of PCl3 or (n-Bu)3PO4. The addition of PCl3 has remarkably increased the MgCl2 surface area in comparison with (n-Bu)3PO4. The effects of PCl3 and (n-Bu)3PO4 on ethylene homopolymerization, ethylene-propylene copolymerization and on copolymer properties were evaluated. The catalyst
system containing PCl3 permitted to synthesize propylene-ethylene copolymers with up to 75% (w/w) of propylene and provided control of copolymer
crystallinity. The reduction of the copolymer molecular weight distribution suggested that PCl3 acted as an internal donor, poisoning some active catalytic sites.
Received: 2 April 1997/Revised: 6 June 1997/Accepted: 18 June 1997 相似文献
In the present study we analyzed the Brazilian scientific production in the area of science education. The study was structured on: data by research groups registered in Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico; analysis of the post-graduate strictu sensu programs; analysis of theses and dissertations linked to post-graduate programs; and papers in international databases. Our research was conducted strictly via world wide web, from December 2009 to September 2010. It was found that both number of research groups, researchers, post-graduate programs, thesis, dissertations and papers presented a marked increase, especially in the last decade (from 2000 onwards). The major research centers were found to be located in public universities from Brazilian southeast and south regions. However, it was observed a tendency of decentralization, due to a recent investment in new public universities in the other Brazilian regions. So, this study sought to present an overview of the scientific production about science education and we expect that this information can help to expand the vision about the development of this research area in Brazil. 相似文献
Amongst the different perovskites being investigated for application in solar cells, one of the most frequently scrutinized is methylammonium lead iodide CH3NH3PbI3 (or MAPbI3), which is usually obtained by the reaction of lead iodide (PbI2) with methylammonium iodide (MAI). Although this perovskite has been extensively studied and utilized in the manufacture of high-efficiency solar cells, its formation chemistry is still not well understood. Reliable experimental determination of the activation energy between PbI2 and MAI has been difficult due to the rapid reaction at room temperature. In this work, we determined the activation energy by adopting the Arrhenius equation. This was possible by controlling the reaction using MAI vapor, instead of liquid solution. This procedure allowed the reaction to be carried out at temperatures of up to 150 °C. The formation of MAPbI3 films was obtained by a two-step process: deposition of thin PbI2 film by thermal evaporation and subsequent conversion into perovskite by exposure to MAI vapor. The conversion of PbI2 to MAPbI3 as a function of temperature was probed by X-ray diffraction. An activation energy of 0.12?±?0.02 eV was obtained. This low value explains the ease of MAPbI3 formation at low temperatures, and partially explains its instability in environmental conditions.
The antibacterial activity of ethanol extracts of Eugenia jambolana L. and E. uniflora L. (Myrtaceae) were evaluated by agar-well diffusion method and MICs by microdillution method. E. jambolana showed antibacterial activity against MRSA strains (MIC < 1024 μg/mL). E. uniflora did not show significant antibacterial activity (MIC > 1024 μg/mL). It is therefore suggested that extracts from E. jambolana could be used as an anti– Staphylococcus agent. When compared with Methicillin and Gentamicin, the extract was more effective against, being a promising antibacterial agent. Based on the author's knowledge, this is the first report about the antibacterial activity of leave ethanol extract from Eugenia jambolana. 相似文献
Plant-derived products and their extracted compounds have been used in folk medicine since early times. Zimbro or common juniper (Juniperus communis) is traditionally used to treat renal suppression, acute and chronic cystitis, bladder catarrh, albuminuria, leucorrhea, and amenorrhea. These uses are mainly attributed to its bioactive composition, which is very rich in phenolics, terpenoids, organic acids, alkaloids, and volatile compounds. In the last few years, several studies have analyzed the huge potential of this evergreen shrub, describing a wide range of activities with relevance in different biomedical discipline areas, namely antimicrobial potential against human pathogens and foodborne microorganisms, notorious antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, antidiabetic, antihypercholesterolemic and antihyperlipidemic effects, and neuroprotective action, as well as antiproliferative ability against cancer cells and the ability to activate inductive hepato-, renal- and gastroprotective mechanisms. Owing to these promising activities, extracts and bioactive compounds of juniper could be useful for the development of new pharmacological applications in the treatment of several acute and chronic human diseases. 相似文献
The antimicrobial effect of oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) and lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf.) essential oils (EOs) against Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis in in vitro experiments, and inoculated in ground bovine meat during refrigerated storage (4 ± 2 °C) for 6 days was evaluated. The Weibull model was tested to fit survival/inactivation bacterial curves (estimating of p and δ parameters). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value for both EOs on S. Enteritidis was 3.90 μl/ml. The EO concentrations applied in the ground beef were 3.90, 7.80 and 15.60 μl/g, based on MIC levels and possible activity reduction by food constituents. Both evaluated EOs in all tested levels, showed antimicrobial effects, with microbial populations reducing (p ≤ 0.05) along time storage. Evaluating fit-quality parameters (RSS and RSE) Weibull models are able to describe the inactivation curves of EOs against S. Enteritidis. The application of EOs in processed meats can be used to control pathogens during refrigerated shelf-life. 相似文献