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1.
Karl Gruber Christoph Kratky 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》2004,42(3):479-486
Hydroxynitrile lyases catalyze the reversible cleavage of α-cyanohydrins to yield hydrocyanic acid and the corresponding aldehyde or ketone. Besides its biological interest, this class of enzymes is also of relevance in industrial biocatalysis for the enantioselective condensation of HCN with a variety of aldehydes and ketones. Several distinctly different types of hydroxynitrile lyases (HNLs) are known, which must have originated through convergent evolution from different ancestral proteins. Three-dimensional structural data are known for three classes of hydroxynitrile lyases. Insights into the reaction mechanisms emerged from a combination of structural, enzyme kinetic, spectroscopic, and molecular modeling data. For all three types of HNLs, mechanisms involving acid–base catalysis were proposed. In members belonging to the α,β-hydrolase type, the amino acid residues of the catalytic triad presumably act as general acid/base, whereas for flavine adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent HNLs a single histidine residue fulfills this function. In the third type of HNL—which is related to carboxypeptidase—acid–base catalysis involves the carboxylate of the C-terminal residue. The catalytic relevance of a positive electrostatic potential in the active site was suggested in some of the mechanistic proposals. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 479–486, 2004 相似文献
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Laura Bader Nicola Durante Maska Law Guglielmo Lunardon Tim Penttila 《Designs, Codes and Cryptography》2003,29(1-3):41-50
We do the tentative beginnings of a study of BLT-sets of generalised quadrangles via their symmetries. In particular, the study of whorls about a line leads us to hyperbolic reflections preserving a BLT-set of Q(4, q). 相似文献
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Tim R. Dargaville Julie M. Elliott Mathew Celina 《Journal of Polymer Science.Polymer Physics》2006,44(22):3253-3264
Films of piezoelectric PVDF and P(VDF‐TrFE) were exposed to vacuum UV (115–300 nm VUV) and γ‐radiation to investigate how these two forms of radiation affect the chemical, morphological, and piezoelectric properties of the polymers. The extent of crosslinking was almost identical in both polymers after γ‐irradiation, but surprisingly, was significantly higher for the TrFE copolymer after VUV‐irradiation. Changes in the melting behavior were also more significant in the TrFE copolymer after VUV‐irradiation due to both surface and bulk crosslinking, compared with only surface crosslinking for the PVDF films. The piezoelectric properties (measured using d33 piezoelectric coefficients and D‐E hysteresis loops) were unchanged in the PVDF homopolymer, while the TrFE copolymer exhibited more narrow D‐E loops after exposure to either γ‐ or VUV‐radiation. The more severe damage to the TrFE copolymer in comparison with the PVDF homopolymer after VUV‐irradiation is explained by different energy deposition characteristics. The short wavelength, highly energetic photons are undoubtedly absorbed in the surface layers of both polymers, and we propose that while the longer wavelength components of the VUV‐radiation are absorbed by the bulk of the TrFE copolymer causing crosslinking, they are transmitted harmlessly in the PVDF homopolymer. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 3253–3264, 2006 相似文献
7.
Tim Bedford 《Constructive Approximation》1989,5(1):33-48
We consider some self-affine fractal functions previously studied by Barnsleyet al. The graphs of these functions are invariant under certain affine scalings, and we extend their definition to allow the use of nonlinear scalings. The Hölder exponent,h, for these fractal functions is calculated and we show that there is a larger Hölder exponent,h
, defined at almost every point (with respect to Lebesgue measure). For a class of such functions defined using linear affinities these exponents are related to the box dimensionD
B of the graph byh2–D
Bh
.Communicated by Michael F. Barnsley. 相似文献
8.
M. Jonathan Fray Paul Allen Paul R. Bradley Clare E. Challenger Michael Closier Tim J. Evans Mark L. Lewis John P. Mathias Carly L. Nichols Yvonne M. Po-Ba Hayley Snow Mark H. Stefaniak Hannah V. Vuong 《Tetrahedron》2006,62(29):6869-6875
The synthesis of ten substituted aminomethylene tetrahydro-isoquinolines is described, proceeding in eight steps from 5-hydroxyisoquinoline via reductive amination of N-Boc tetrahydro-isoquinoline 5-carboxaldehyde. Likewise, reductive amination was used to prepare four substituted dihydro-isoindoles from the corresponding aldehyde. The dihydro-isoindole ring system was conveniently accessed via a 2+2+2 cycloaddition reaction. 相似文献
9.
Tim D. Cochran 《Inventiones Mathematicae》1987,90(3):635-645
Summary We show that each of a sequence of concordance invariants for codimension-two links of spheres inS
n+2
, defined by Kent Orr, is identically zero forn>1. For classical links (n=1), the same proof shows that these invariants vanish if and only if Milnor's
vanish (a result obtained independently and earlier by Orr himself). We offer sufficient conditions for the vanishing of Orr's -invariant (not covered by the above). We discuss how this relates to positive results.Supported by a National Science Foundation Postdoctoral Fellowship and the hospitality of Univ. Calif. San Diego Math. Dept. 相似文献
10.
We use a driving field, of the type first suggested by Evans, to generate a steady heat current in the simplest possible system, a two-dimensional periodic fluid of three hard disks. Hard-disk motion equations can be conveniently derived from repulsive constant-force or linear-force potentials by considering the infinitely repulsive limit of these potentials. We show that the isoenergetic and isokinetic forms of the nonequilibrium equations of motion generate steady-state heat conductivities differing by terms of order 1/N, whereN is the number of particles. The resulting conductivities appear to vary as the logarithm of the driving field strength. Even at low fields, the three-body periodic-system results lie well below Enskog's infinite-system prediction. 相似文献