CONTROLLING THE 3D NANOSCALE ORGANIZATION OF BULK HETEROJUNCTION POLYMER SOLAR CELLS

In this study,the three dimensional nanoscale organization in the photoactive layers of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and a methanofullerene derivative (PCBM) is revealed by transmission electron tomography.After annealing treatment,either at elevated temperature or during slow solvent evaporation,nanoscale interpenetrating networks are formed with high crystalline order and favorable concentration gradients of both components through the thickness of the photoactive layer.Such a tailored morphology acco...     

Molecular dynamics simulation study of the interaction of trehalose with lipid membranes

The interactions of the cryoprotective agent trehalose with a lipid membrane made of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine at 323 K were studied by means of molecular dynamics simulations. It was observed that trehalose binds to the phospholipid headgroups with its main axis parallel to the membrane normal. Trehalose establishes hydrogen bonds with the carbonyl and phosphate groups and replaces water molecules from the lipid headgroup. Notably, the number of hydrogen bonds (HBs) that the membrane made with its environment was conserved after trehalose binding. The HBs between lipid and trehalose have a longer lifetime than those established between lipid and water. The binding of the sugar does not produce changes either in the lipid area or in the lipid order parameter. The effect of trehalose on the dipole potential is in agreement with experimental results. The contribution of the different components to the membrane dipole potential was analyzed. It was observed that the binding of trehalose produces changes in the different components and the sugar itself contributes to the surface potential due to the polarization of its hydroxyl in the interface.     

Fluorescence quenching of anthracene by indole derivatives in phospholipid bilayers

The quenching of anthracene fluorescence by indole, 1,2-dimethylindole (DMI), tryptophan (Trp) and indole 3-acetic acid (IAA) in palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylcholine (POPC) lipid bilayers was investigated. A very efficient quenching of the anthracene fluorescence in the lipid membrane is observed. Stern-Volmer plots are linear for DMI but present a downward curvature for the other quenchers. This was interpreted as an indication of the presence of an inaccessible fraction of anthracene molecules. By a modified Stern-Volmer analysis the fraction accessible to the quenchers and the quenching constant were determined. The changes in the fluorescence emission spectrum of indole and DMI have been used to calculate the partition constants of these probes into the membranes, and bimolecular quenching rate constants were determined in terms of the local concentration of quencher in the lipid bilayer. The rate constants are lower than those in homogeneous solvents, which may be ascribed to a higher viscosity of the bilayer. No changes in the emission spectra of Trp and IAA are observed in the presence of vesicles, indicating that these probes locate preferentially in the aqueous phase, or in close proximity to the vesicular external interface in a medium resembling pure water. In these cases quenching rate constants were determined in terms of the analytical concentration. In the quenching by DMI a new, red shifted, emission band appears; it is similar to that observed in non-polar solvents and it is ascribable to an exciplex emission. The exciplex band is absent in the quenching by IAA and Trp and only very weakly present when the quencher is indole. From the position of the maximum of the exciplex emission, a relatively high local polarity could be estimated for the region of the bilayer where the quenching reaction takes place.