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1.
The relationship between the chemical structure of nematic liquid crystals and their pretilt angles 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
About 50 different additives in one or more of three different nematic mixtures have been investigated to clarify the relationship between the chemical structure of the liquid crystal and the pretilt angle on a polyimide surface. The pretilts found for cells have been explained within our recently proposed population distribution model. For compounds with cyano-groups at one end, we find that the in-plane order is governed both by the surface-mesogen interaction and by the relative strength of the intermolecular interactions in the nematic phase. This strength is nearly linear in alkyl chain length for the compounds investigated. Changes in the strength due to variations in the core of the molecules can be calculated easily by using group contributions from the known Parachors. The in-plane order can be treated as a simple product of the contributions from the liquid crystal and from the polyimide. Different polar end groups will give different angles between the surface and the optical axis of the individual mesogens in the first monolayer. The cyano-group gives the highest angle and alkyl groups the lowest. For nitro-compounds the dimers formed are so strongly bound that they do not break up at the surface. Nitro-compounds will thus act as dialkyl compounds. For dialkyl compounds the pretilt angles are dominated by the difference between the chain lengths at the two ends of the molecule. 相似文献
2.
Kowalczyk P Jaroniec M Kaneko K Terzyk AP Gauden PA 《Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids》2005,21(23):10530-10536
In a previous work, we proposed an improvement of the Derjaguin-Broekhoff-de Boer (DBdB) theory for capillary condensation/evaporation in open-ended cylindrical mesopores. In this paper, we report a further extension of this approach to the capillary condensation/evaporation of nitrogen in siliceous spherical cavities. The main idea of this improvement is to employ the Gibbs-Tolman-Koenig-Buff equation to predict the variation of the surface tension in spherical mesopores. In addition, the statistical film thickness (the so-called t-curve), which is evaluated accurately on the basis of adsorption isotherms measured for MCM-41 materials, is used instead of the originally proposed t-curve to take into account the excess chemical potential due to the surface forces. It is shown that the aforementioned modifications of the original DBdB theory that was refined by Ravikovitch and Neimark have significant implications for the pore size analysis of cagelike mesoporous silicas. To verify the proposed improvement of the DBdB pore size analysis (IDBdB), two series of FDU-1 samples, which are well-defined cagelike mesoporous materials (composed of siliceous spherical cavities interconnected by short necks), were used for the evaluation of the pore size distributions (PSDs). The correlation between the spinodal condensation point in the spherical pores predicted by the nonlocal density functional theory (NDFT) developed by Ravikovitch and Neimark and that predicted by the IDBdB theory is very good in the whole range of mesopores. This feature is mirrored to the realistic PSD characterized by the bimodal structure of pores computed from the IDBdB theory. As in the case of open-ended cylindrical pores, the improvement of the classical DBdB theory preserves its simplicity and simultaneously ensures a significant improvement of the pore size analysis, which is confirmed by the independent estimation of the average pore size by the NDFT and the powder X-ray diffraction method. 相似文献
3.
Kazuhiro Watanabe Noboru Akino Tetsuo Aoyagi Noboru Ebisawa Yukio Fujiwara Atsusi Honda Takashi Inoue Takao Itoh Mikito Kawai Minoru Kazawa Junichi Koizumi Masaaki Kuriyama Kenji Miyamoto Naoki Miyamoto Kazuhiko Mogaki Yoshihiro Ohara Tokumichi Ohga Yoshikazu Okumura Hiroshi Oohara Katsumi Ohshima Fujio Satoh Kazuhiko Shimizu Syunji Takahashi Hirotsugu Usami Katsutomi Usui Masahiro Yamamoto Takeshi Yamazaki 《Radiation Physics and Chemistry》1997,49(6):631-639
A negative-ion-based neutral beam injector (N-NBI) has been constructed for JT-60U. The N-NBI is designed to inject 500 keV, 10 MW neutral beams using two ion sources, each producing a 500 keV, 22 A D− ion beam. In the preliminary experiment using one ion source, a D− ion beam of 13.5 A has been successfully accelerated with an energy of 400 keV (5.4 MW) for 0.12 s at an operating pressure of 0.22 Pa. This is the highest D− beam current and power in the world. Co-extracted electron current was effectively suppressed to the ratio of Ie/ID− < 1. The highest energy beam of 460 keV, 2.4 A, 0.44 s has also been obtained. To realize 1 MeV class NBI system for ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor), demonstration of ampere class negative ion beam acceleration up to 1 MeV is an important mile stone. To achieve the mile stone, a prototype accelerator and a 1 MV, 1 A test facility called MeV Test Facility (MTF) were constructed. Up to now, an H− ion beam was accelerated up to the energy of 805 keV with an acceleration drain current of 150 mA for 1 s in a five stage electrostatic multi-aperture accelerator. 相似文献
4.
Toshiko Kido Katsumi Hashizume Kenji Soda Kozi Asada ‡ 《Photochemistry and photobiology》1978,28(4-5):729-732
Abstract— 2-Nitropropane dioxygenase (EC 1. 13. 11) of the yeast Hansenula mrakii catalyzes the oxygenative denitrification of 2-nitropropane as follows:
The enzyme is significantly inhibited by superoxide dismutase and various scavengers for superoxide such as cytochrome c , epinephrine, thiols and polyhydric phenols. The scavengers added to the reaction mixture were oxidized or reduced. The addition of superoxide dismutase and the omission of 2-nitropropane or oxygen prevented the oxidation and the reduction of the scavengers. The enzyme catalyzes the formation of nitrite from 2-nitropropane by KO2 added anaerobically.
One mole of NADH is bound per mole of the enzyme and predominantly the pro-R hydrogen of bound NADH is transferred to superoxide formed enzymatically or provided externally. The enzyme shows incomplete stereospecificity for hydrogen transfer from NADH. 相似文献
The enzyme is significantly inhibited by superoxide dismutase and various scavengers for superoxide such as cytochrome c , epinephrine, thiols and polyhydric phenols. The scavengers added to the reaction mixture were oxidized or reduced. The addition of superoxide dismutase and the omission of 2-nitropropane or oxygen prevented the oxidation and the reduction of the scavengers. The enzyme catalyzes the formation of nitrite from 2-nitropropane by KO
One mole of NADH is bound per mole of the enzyme and predominantly the pro-R hydrogen of bound NADH is transferred to superoxide formed enzymatically or provided externally. The enzyme shows incomplete stereospecificity for hydrogen transfer from NADH. 相似文献
5.
Yatsuhisa Nagano Yuhji Achiba Kenji Sato Katsumi Kimura 《Chemical physics letters》1982,93(5):510-514
Kenetic energies and angular distributions of photoelectrons emitted by three-photon ionization fo atomic iron through two-photon resonant state e7DJ and e5 DJ, were measured, by using visible lasers. J-resolved photoelectron bands attributab to the a6DJ and a4Fj ionic states are reported. 相似文献
6.
Frieder W. Lichtenthaler Jürgen Klotz Katsumi Nakamura 《Tetrahedron: Asymmetry》2003,14(24):3973-3986
The dimethyl esters of the 2,6-anhydro-3-deoxy-hept-2-enaric acids with
-xylo,
-lyxo,
-arabino,
-lyxo- and
-ribo-configuration were synthesized from
-galactose and
-mannose, respectively, and further characterized by their di-O-acetyl and di-O-benzoyl derivatives. Comparison of their physical data with those of Daucus carota derived products revealed (−)-daucic acid to have
-lyxo-configuration 46 rather than the previously assigned
-xylo stereochemistry 1. Dimethyl daucate 43 could be converted by acid-induced ring contraction and dehydration into naturally occurring (+)-osbeckic acid 47, thereby proving its (S)-configuration. Configurational identity in the pyranoid rings of (−)-daucic acid and KDO, together with available biosynthetic evidence on chelidonic acid 4, a leaf closing factor, suggests a joint, KDO 8-P-based pathway for their biosynthesis in plants. 相似文献
7.
Phenols are ethynylated at the ortho position with silylated chloroethyne in the presence of a catalytic amount of GaCl3 and lithium phenoxide. The lithium salt is essential for the catalysis, and addition of 2,6-di(tert-butyl)-4-methylpyridine inhibits desilylation and hydration of the products. The reaction can be applied to various substituted phenols giving the ortho-ethynylated products in high yields, and the turnover numbers based on GaCl3 are between 8 and 10. The reaction mechanism involves addition of in situ formed phenoxygallium to the haloethyne followed by the elimination of GaCl3. 相似文献
8.
9.
Recently, high-performance nano-scale flow pumping systems have been developed for micro and miniaturized analysis systems. A novel device capable of measuring and monitoring nanoliter scale flow rates has been required for the further development of the pumping system. In this study, an atomic emission detector using helium radio-frequency plasma (RFP-AED) was used for the measurement of the nanoliter scale flow rate of water by quantitatively detecting the emission from hydrogen in the water molecules. Monitoring nano-flow rates of water in the range up to 1.0 microl min(-1), and the change in the flow rate by the indication of the ratio of the emissions of H (656.3 nm) and He (667.8 nm) were successful. At present, the lowest flow rate that could be determined reproducibly was 4 nl min(-1) calculated as five times the standard deviation of the background noise. Additionally, similar evaluations for the deviation of each flow rate by using the RFP-AED and a flow-injection system were produced. 相似文献
10.
Kotaro Hidea Hiroshi Maezawa Atsushi Ito Katsumi Kobayashi Yoshiya Furusawa Takashi Ito 《Photochemistry and photobiology》1986,44(3):417-419
The spectral throughput of a vacuum-ultraviolet irradiation system at the SOR-RING facility was examined with various combinations of aluminum-and gold-coated optical elements in a 2.2-m modified Wadsworth monochromator. We found that the optimum was a combination of an aluminum-coated collimating mirror, concave grating, and plane deflecting mirror, and a combination of a gold-coated collimating mirror, concave grating and an aluminum-coated plane deflecting mirror in the wavelength regions 190-110 nm and 110-50 nm, respectively. 相似文献