单轴取向PET薄膜的α松弛与力学行为的相关性

本文用动态力学方法研究了在不同温度和速度下单轴自由辐拉伸的聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯薄膜的非晶区状态,表明从熔体骤冷的非晶态试片在不同热拉伸条件下拉伸,可以得到非晶状态有显著差别的单轴取向薄膜。它们的非晶状态可以用动态力学温度谱的α峰的高度,形状和位置来表征。具有不同非晶状态的试样的储能模量E′(25℃)、屈服应力、负荷-伸长曲线与α松弛的参数以及其他结构参数间有很好的相关性。在一定的条件下热拉伸温度和速度存在Arrhenius型的速度-温度变换关系。     

聚壬酰胺在苯酚-乙酸混合溶剂中的特性粘数-分子量关系

以苯酚为溶剂,甲醇为沉淀剂将三个聚壬酰胺试样(??各为20400,12900和7100)分级沉淀.每一试样至少经过二次分级,共得到二十级份.取其中七个级份测定其数均分子量及特性粘数.粘度测定在25℃,溶剂用苯酚-乙酸(2∶1重量比).在分子量4300-20000内,得到下列特性粘数-分子量关系: [η]=7.52×10~(-3)M~(0.96)ml/g M=200[η]-360 苯酚-乙酸(2∶1重量比)混合溶剂容易纯化且不引起聚壬酰胺的降解,能溶解尼龙-6,66,7,9和11,可作聚酰胺粘度测定的普适溶剂.     

高聚物声发射的一些观察

对高聚物的声发射做了进一步的实验观察。玻璃态高聚物在拉伸屈服以前的声发射有Kaiser效应,但在高弹态则不然。非晶态高聚物从玻璃态到高弹态的转变,玻璃态拉伸时在屈服附近出现声发射,高弹态时声发射要少而弱得多,只在高弹拉伸的断裂前出现声发射。非晶态、晶态高聚物或共混高聚物在突然升温到100℃时有声发射,但在突然降温到-60℃时却不出现声发射,这可能也说明声发射与高聚物试样内形成空洞有关。一种聚丙烯树脂在不同注射成形工艺条件下所得试件,在拉伸时的声发射行为可反映加工成形的好坏,成形好的声发射少得多。     

高聚物拉伸形变中的声发射

对一系列高聚物进行了单轴拉伸过程中声发射的观察,包括玻璃态高聚物、结晶高聚物、共聚物、共混高聚物和一种交联橡胶。非晶态高聚物拉伸时声发射次数很少,伴随银纹和微裂缝的产生而出现。结晶高聚物在屈服成颈时出现强的声发射,在颈部拉伸的初期声发射较少或不出现,拉伸到接近试件断裂前声发射强烈,次数急剧增多。相同高聚物但试件加工成形历史不同会在声发射上得到反映。交联的顺丁橡胶拉伸时声发射很弱,但可以观察到,在拉力-形变曲线开始偏离线性后出现,没有Kaiser效应。共混高聚物拉伸时声发射很多。高耐冲击共混接枝塑料在断裂前不出现强烈的声发射。如试样和试件加工成形条件相同,声发射现象的重演性是相当好的。     

ACOUSTIC EMISSION DURING STRETCHING OF POLYMERS

Acoustic emission has been studied for a wide range of polymers including amorphous glasses, semi-crystalline polymers, copolymers, polymer blends and a crosslinked rubber during the course of uni-axial stretching at room temperature. For non-crystalline polymers acoustic emission occurred in rather small number of events accompanied by crazing and micro-crack formation. Strong acoustic activity appeared during yielding and necking of crystalline polymers. Rather small number or none of acoustic bursts occurred during the initial stage of neck drawing but numerous strong bursts appeared when drawing proceeded approaching specimen break. Specimens of the same polymer but of different fabrication history may be reflected in their acoustic emission behavior. Acoustic emission during stretching crosslinked polybutadiene rubber was very weak but observable when the force-elongation curve started to deviate from the linear region. No Kaiser effect was observed for the rubber. Very strong and numerous acoustic emission was observed during stretching specimens of polymer blends. High impact resistant polymer modifications showed no sharp increase of acoustic activity before specimen break. So long as the polymer and conditions of specimen fabrication are the same quite reproducible acoustic emission behavior could be observed.