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1.
Sources and pathways of environmental lead to children in a Derbyshire mining village 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Garden soil and housedust samples, from households in a Derbyshire village closely associated with historic lead mining, have highly elevated lead levels. Handwipe samples from children also have relatively high lead concentrations suggesting that elevated levels of lead are transferred to the child by the soil-dust-hand-mouth pathway. However, this is not reflected in their blood lead concentrations which are within normal UK ranges and less than predicted by some lead exposure models. SEM analysis of soil grains has revealed that many are composed of pyromorphite [Pb5(PO4)3Cl], a stable soil-lead mineral. This mineral is formed from the weathering of galena [PbS] but it is not clear to what extent weathering has occurred in the soil. Pyromorphite has an extremely low solubility which may contribute to a low human bioavailability of lead in these soils, resulting in the lower than expected blood lead concentrations. 相似文献
2.
In order to assess the intake of lead and cadmium by consumers of home grown vegetables in urban areas, replicated experimental plots of uniform size, comprising summer and winter crops, were established in 94 gardens and allotments in nine towns and cities in England.The geometric mean lead and cadmium concentrations for the soils (n = 94) were 217 g g–1 (ranging from 27 to 1,676 g g–1) and 0.53 g g–1 (<0.2–5.9 g g–1), respectively. Compared with agricultural soils, the garden and allotment soils contained elevated levels of lead but not cadmium.Lead concentrations in the vegetables ranged from <0.25 g g–1 to 16.7 g g–1 dry weight and cadmium concentrations ranged from <0.025 g g–1 to 10.4 g g–1 dry weight. Lead concentrations were higher than reported background levels, although <1% exceeded the statutory limit for saleable food in the UK (1 g g–1 fresh weight). Cadmium concentrations were generally similar to background levels. 相似文献
3.
Margaret E. Farago Iain Thornton Nicola D. White Inge Tell Maj‐Britt Mårtensson 《Environmental geochemistry and health》1999,21(1):67-82
Scandinavia has one secondary lead smelter that recycles lead from approximately 85% of used car batteries in Scandinavia and which has been active since the 1940s. The smelter, situated in Landskrona, has undergone a comprehensive clean up programme during the last decade, during which time production has doubled, while at the same time discharges of dust and lead to the atmosphere have decreased.Top and depth soil samples were taken on a 0.5km×0.5Km grid throughout the city of Landskrona, which covers an area of approximately 15km2. Samples were analysed by ICPAES for a number of elements including Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd, As, Sb and Hg. Road dust samples from selected sites were collected and similarly analysed. Blood samples were taken from 37 volunteer schoolchildren (aged 8–11) from two schools in Landskrona. House dust samples were taken from each child's home. Soil samples were taken from homes which had gardens, public and school play areas. Elevated heavy metal concentrations were found in close proximity to the secondary lead smelter, and this soil enrichment influences the whole of the town, modified to some extent by the prevailing wind. The smelter does not influence the soil lead concentration at distances greater than 3.5km, where the soil reflects the background value for the area.Road dust samples also show decreases in lead concentrations with distance from the smelter. The average level of lead in house dust was considerably lower than that found in Birmingham, UK. Blood lead levels in the child population ranged from 1.5–5.1gdl–1, with a mean of 3.05gdl–1, showing a distinct decrease from those measured in 1978–82. No significant difference in blood lead concentrations with distance of the home from the smelter, nor between attenders at the two schools was revealed in the limited number of children studied. 相似文献
4.
Claire M. Waluda Martin A. Collins Andrew D. Black Iain J. Staniland Philip N. Trathan 《Marine Biology》2010,157(1):99-112
Antarctic fur seals Arctocephalus gazella and macaroni penguins Eudyptes chrysolophus are the two main land-based krill Euphausia superba consumers in the northern Scotia Sea. Using a combination of concurrent at-sea (predator observations, net hauls and multi-frequency
acoustics), and land-based (animal tracking and diet analysis) techniques, we examined variability in the foraging ecology
of these sympatric top predators during the austral summer and autumn of 2004. Krill availability derived from acoustic surveys
was low during summer, increasing in autumn. During the breeding season, krill occurred in 80% of fur seal diet samples, with
fish remains in 37% of samples. Penguin diets contained the highest proportion of fish in over 20 years of routine monitoring
(46% by mass; particularly the myctophid Electrona antarctica), with krill (33%) and amphipods (Themisto gaudichaudii; 21%) also occurring. When constrained by the need to return and feed their offspring both predator species foraged to the
northwest of South Georgia, consistent with an area of high macrozooplankton biomass, but fur seals were apparently more successful
at exploiting krill. When unconstrained by chick-rearing (during March) penguins foraged close to the Shag Rocks shelf-break,
probably exploiting the high daytime biomass of fish in this area. Penguins and seals are able to respond differently to periods
of reduced krill abundance (in terms of variability in diet and foraging behaviour), without detriment to the breeding success
of either species. This highlights the importance of myctophid fish as an alternative trophic pathway for land-based predators
in the Scotia Sea ecosystem. 相似文献
5.
Alecos Demetriades Xiangdong Li Michael H. Ramsey Iain Thornton 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2010,32(6):529-552
In the Lavrion urban area study, Hellas, a five-step sequential extraction method was applied on samples of ‘soil’ (n = 224), affected by long-term mining and metallurgical activities, and house dust (n = 127), for the purpose of studying the potential bioaccessibility of lead and other metals to humans. In this paper, the
Pb concentrations in soil and house dust samples are discussed, together with those in rocks and children’s blood. Lead is
mainly associated with the carbonate, Fe–Mn oxides and residual fractions in soil and house dust. Considering the very low
pH of gastric fluids (1–3), a high amount of metals, present in soil (810–152,000 mg/kg Pb) and house dust (418–18,600 mg/kg Pb),
could be potentially bioaccessible. Consequently, children in the neighbourhoods with a large amount of metallurgical processing
wastes have high blood-Pb concentrations (5.98–60.49 μg/100 ml; median 17.83 μg/100 ml; n = 235). It is concluded that the Lavrion urban and sub-urban environment is extremely hazardous to human health, and the
Hellenic State authorities should urgently tackle this health-related hazard in order to improve the living conditions of
local residents. 相似文献
6.
Life history costs of olfactory status signalling in mice 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
L. M. Gosling S. C. Roberts E. A. Thornton M. J. Andrew 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2000,48(4):328-332
Large body size confers a competitive advantage in animal contests but does not always determine the outcome. Here we explore
the trade-off between short-term achievement of high social status and longer-term life history costs in animals which vary
in competitive ability. Using laboratory mice, Mus musculus, as a model system, we show that small competitors can initially maintain dominance over larger males by increasing investment
in olfactory status signalling (scent-marking), but only at the cost of reduced growth rate and body size. As a result they
become more vulnerable to dominance reversals later in life. Our results also provide the first empirical information about
life history costs of olfactory status signals.
Received: 15 December 1999 / Revised: 6 June 2000 / Accepted: 24 June 2000 相似文献
7.
A global assessment of chromium pollution using sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) as an indicator species 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
John Pierce Wise Sr. Roger Payne Sandra S. Wise Carolyne LaCerte James Wise Christy Gianios Jr. W. Douglas Thompson Christopher Perkins Tongzhang Zheng Cairong Zhu Lucille Benedict Iain Kerr 《Chemosphere》2009,75(11):1461-1467
Chromium (Cr) is a well-known human carcinogen and a potential reproductive toxicant, but its contribution to ocean pollution is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to provide a global baseline for Cr as a marine pollutant using the sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) as an indicator species. Biopsies were collected from free-ranging whales around the globe during the voyage of the research vessel The Odyssey. Total Cr levels were measured in 361 sperm whales collected from 16 regions around the globe detectable levels ranged from 0.9 to 122.6 μg Cr g tissue−1 with a global mean of 8.8 ± 0.9 μg g−1. Two whales had undetectable levels. The highest levels were found in sperm whales sampled in the waters near the Islands of Kiribati in the Pacific (mean = 44.3 ± 14.4) and the Seychelles in the Indian Ocean (mean = 19.5 ± 5.4 μg g−1). The lowest mean levels were found in whales near the Canary Islands (mean = 3.7 ± 0.8 μg g−1) and off of the coast of Sri Lanka (mean = 3.3 ± 0.4 μg g−1). The global mean Cr level in whale skin was 28-times higher than mean Cr skin levels in humans without occupational exposure. The whale levels were more similar to levels only observed previously in human lung tissue from workers who died of Cr-induced lung cancer. We conclude that Cr pollution in the marine environment is significant and that further study is urgently needed. 相似文献
8.
Climate change, drought risk and land capability for agriculture: implications for land use in Scotland 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Iain Brown Laura Poggio Alessandro Gimona Marie Castellazzi 《Regional Environmental Change》2011,11(3):503-518
Land capability classification systems define and communicate biophysical limitations on land use, including climate, soils
and topography. They can therefore provide an accessible format for both scientists and decision-makers to share knowledge
on climate change impacts and adaptation. Underlying such classifications are complex interactions that require dynamic spatial
analysis, particularly between soil and climate. These relationships are investigated using a case study on drought risk for
agriculture in Scotland, which is currently considered less significant than wetness-related issues. The impact of drought
risk is assessed using an established empirical system for land capability linking indicator crops with water availability.
This procedure is facilitated by spatial interpolation of climate and soil profile data to provide soil moisture deficits
and plant available water on a regular 1-km grid. To evaluate potential impacts of future climate change, land capability
classes are estimated using both large-scale ensemble (multi-simulation) data from the HadRM3 regional climate model and local-scale
weather generator data (UKCP09) derived from multiple climate models. Results for the case study suggest that drought risk
is likely to have a much more significant influence on land use in the future. This could potentially act to restrict the
range of crops grown and hence reduce land capability in some areas unless strategic-level adaptation measures are developed
that also integrate land use systems and water resources with the wider environment. 相似文献
9.
Christopher I. Thornton Steven R. Abt Warren P. Clary 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1997,33(6):1279-1288
ABSTRACT: A meandering stream channel was simulated in the Hydraulics Laboratory at Colorado State University and a series of tests was conducted using four types of vegetation to evaluate the potential effects of vegetation on sediment deposition and retention in a stream channel. The data collected included average flow velocity, flow depth, length of vegetation, density of vegetation, cross-sectional area of the vegetative stem, wetted perimeter of the vegetative stem, and injection and flushing time. The findings indicated that the vegetation could retain from 30 to 70 percent of the deposited sediments. The ability of vegetation to entrap and retain sediment is related to the length and cross-sectional area of the vegetation. The variables describing the flow and the vegetative properties were combined to form a predictive parameter, the sedimentation factor (Sd) that can be compared with the amount of sediment entrapped by vegetation in a stream system. A relation was developed correlating vegetation length to sediment retention after flushing for flexibility and rigid vegetation. 相似文献
10.
Wu Y Lerner DN Banwart SA Thornton SF Pickup RW 《Journal of environmental quality》2006,35(6):2021-2025
The fermentation process is an important component in the biodegradation of organic compounds in natural and contaminated systems. Comparing with terminal electron-accepting processes (TEAPs), however, research on fermentation processes has to some extent been ignored in the past decades, particularly on the persistence of fermentation process in the presence of toxic organic pollutants. Both field and laboratory studies, presented here, showed that microbial processes in a groundwater-based system exhibited a differential inhibitory response to toxicity of phenolic compounds from coal tar distillation, thus resulting in the accumulation of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and hydrogen. This indicated that fermentation processes could be more resistant to phenol toxicity than the subsequent TEAPs such as methanogenesis and sulfate reduction, thus providing us with more options for enhancing bioremediation processes. 相似文献