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A. A. Shevyrin Ye. A. Bondar S. T. Kalashnikov V. I. Khlybov V. G. Degtyar’ 《High Temperature》2016,54(3):383-389
An ionized flow around the RAM C-II space vehicle is studied by the direct simulation Monte Carlo method in the range of altitudes of 73 to 81 km. It is shown that the predicted value of the plasma density in the shock layer essentially depends on the approach to simulation of high-temperature nonequilibrium dissociation. Good agreement of the results of numerical simulation with flight experiment data is obtained. 相似文献
4.
One of the many complex problems that arise from the transmission and marketing of natural gas is when a shipper draws a contract
with a pipeline company to deliver a certain amount of gas among several points. What is actually delivered is often different
from the amount that had been originally agreed upon. This phenomenon is called an imbalance. When an imbalance occurs, the pipeline penalizes the shipper by imposing a cash-out penalty policy. Since this penalty is
a function of the operating daily imbalances, an important decision-making problem for the shippers is how to carry out their
daily imbalances so as to minimize their incurred penalty.
In this paper, we introduce the problem of minimizing the cash-out penalty costs from the point of view of a natural gas shipping
party. We present a mixed integer bilevel linear programming model and discuss its underlying assumptions. To solve it efficiently,
we reformulate it as a standard mathematical program and describe a penalty-function algorithm functions for its solution.
The algorithm is well-founded and its convergence is proved. Results of numerical experiments support the algorithm’s robustness
providing a valuable solution technique for this very important and complex problem in the natural gas market. 相似文献
5.
Ter-Avetisyan S Schnürer M Nickles PV Sokollik T Risse E Kalashnikov M Sandner W Priebe G 《The Review of scientific instruments》2008,79(3):033303
Laser accelerated proton beams have been used for field characterization in expanding plasmas. The Thomson parabola spectrometer, as a charged particles analyzer, also allows precise measurement of the charged particles' trajectories. The proton's deflections by fast changing plasma fields can be measured with the new design of the Thomson parabola spectrometer and, therefore, it can be applied for proton deflectometry. It is shown that from resulting spectrograms the plasma field dynamics can be reconstructed with high temporal resolution. In a proof-of-principle experiment, a weakly relativistic plasma expansion is studied as an example. 相似文献
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N. B. Pugacheva D. I. Vichuzhanin S. T. Kalashnikov A. V. Ivanov S. V. Smirnov N. Yu. Frolova 《The Physics of Metals and Metallography》2016,117(9):920-926
The material of a shell structure subjected to 20-year use under ambient conditions has been studied. The structure and mechanical characteristics of a strain-hardened AMg6 alloy, as well as the effect of subsequent holdings of this alloy for 10–3000 h at temperatures of 50, 70, 80, 100, 130, 150, 180, and 220°C, on changes in its dislocation structure and mechanical characteristics have been investigated. It has been shown that, in the structures under study, the AMg6 alloy has a cellular structure with a high density of dislocations and the ultimate strength σu = 445.5 ± 2.5 MPa, the proof stress σ0.2 = 326.5 ± 3.5 MPa, and the relative elongation δ = 11.7 ± 0.5%. Polygonization in the alloy occurs at a temperature of 220°C and the initial stage of the recovery process corresponds to a temperature range of 50–100°С in which the softening process can be divided into two stages, i.e., stage (1) of active softening due to the interaction of point defects with each other and stage (2) of the stabilization of the characteristics of the alloy. 相似文献
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A. R. Radnaev S. V. Kalashnikov A. V. Nomoev E. L. Dzidziguri 《Russian Metallurgy (Metally)》2017,2017(1):31-35
The eutectic silumin modified by SiO2 nanoparticles is fabricated and studied. The sizes of particles and their concentration in the melt are varied. The strength of the silumin is found to complexly depend on the SiO2 nanopowder particle size. The noticeable increase in the hardness during heat treatment of the nanomodified silumin is mainly related to Guinier–Preston zones, and the contribution of grain refinement (precipitation hardening) is insignificant. 相似文献
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I. E. Kalashnikov V. V. Kovalevski T. A. Chernyshova L. K. Bolotova 《Russian Metallurgy (Metally)》2010,(11):1063-1071
A method is proposed for the introduction of shungite rocks into aluminum melts by mechanical mixing with carriers, namely,
aluminum granules and reactive titanium powders taking part in exothermic in situ reactions. The structures of composite materials
with shungite rock additions are studied, and a stabilizing effect of these additions on dry sliding friction is revealed. 相似文献
10.
Backman V. Gopal V. Kalashnikov M. Badizadegan K. Gurjar R. Wax A. Georgakoudi I. Mueller M. Boone C.W. Dasari R.R. Feld M.S. 《IEEE journal of selected topics in quantum electronics》2001,7(6):887-893
We present a novel instrument for imaging the angular distributions of light backscattered by biological cells and tissues. The intensities in different regions of the image are due to scatterers of different sizes. We exploit this to study scattering from particles smaller than the wavelength of light used, even when they are mixed with larger particles. We show that the scattering from subcellular structure in both normal and cancerous human cells is best fitted to inverse power-law distributions for the sizes of the scattering objects, and propose that the distribution of scattering objects may be different in normal versus cancerous cells 相似文献