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The effect of elevated nitric acid concentrations on cloud particle number concentrations and sizes of mixed phase cirrus cloud (containing both supercooled liquid and frozen ice particles) is studied using a detailed multicomponent condensation model. Our model calculations suggest that high nitric acid volume mixing ratios (VMRs), corresponding to upper tropospheric measurements, can increase the ice crystal number concentrations substantially especially in the case of freezing of non-activated solution droplets (as opposed to freezing of supercooled cloud droplets). This is due to increased droplet sizes caused by nitric acid absorption and the resulting uptake of water. 相似文献
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HELCOM Baltic Sea Action Plan - A regional programme of measures for the marine environment based on the Ecosystem Approach 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Hermanni Backer Juha-Markku Leppänen Kaj Forsius Jukka Mehtonen Minna Pyhälä Hanna Paulomäki Tarja Haaranen 《Marine pollution bulletin》2010,60(5):642-649
The Helsinki Commission (HELCOM) Baltic Sea Action Plan, adopted by the coastal countries of the Baltic Sea and the European Community in November 2007, is a regional intergovernmental programme of measures for the protection and management of the marine environment explicitly based on the Ecosystem Approach. The Action Plan is structured around a set of Ecological Objectives used to define indicators and targets, including effect-based nutrient input ceilings, and to monitor implementation. The Action Plan strongly links Baltic marine environmental concerns to important socio-economic fields such as agriculture and fisheries and promotes cross-sectoral tools including marine spatial planning. Due to complementarities with the European Union (EU) Marine Strategy Framework Directive, the Action Plan is in essence a pilot for this process without neglecting the important role of the Russian Federation - the only Baltic coastal country not a member of the EU. 相似文献
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Diversity of meiofauna in the lacustrine profundal zone: Bathymetric differences and influence of environmental factors 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Jukka Särkkä 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》1993,55(3):197-205
The diversity and species richness of total meiofauna, Harpacticoida and Oligochaeta in relation to depth and other environmental variables were studied at nine stations and in two profundal depth zones in Lake Päijänne which includes both oligotrophic and eutrophicated or organically loaded areas.Diversity was on average higher in the upper part of the profundal zone than at maximum depths. This may show that the greater temporal stability in temperature at greater depths does not surpass the effect of the lower temporal stability in oxygen content. The productivity factor may be a more important reason for the bathymetric difference in diversity than the stability factor. Diversity in the lower profundal zone shows a negative correlation with variables indicating pollution while in the upper profundal zone a positive one with those variables, thus emphasizing the importance of the production factor in determining diversity in the upper profundal. Diversity was higher within the oligochaetes than within the harpacticoids, which may imply that oligochaetes have a longer evolutionary history as part of the lacustrine benthic system.Of the environmental variables, phytoplankton biomass had the highest influence on total diversity in the lower profundal zone, oxygen being next in importance. The sedimentation of organic matter was most important in the upper part of the profundal zone, where oxygen did not have any significant effect on diversity. Some explaining factors determining bathymetric diversity differences are discussed in relation to the theoretical expectations. 相似文献
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Yu. ShkuratovA. Ovcharenko E. ZubkoO. Miloslavskaya K. MuinonenJ. Piironen R. NelsonW. Smythe V. RosenbushP. Helfenstein 《Icarus》2002,159(2):396-416
To better understand the negative polarization and brightness opposition effects observed on airless celestial bodies, we carried out simultaneous photometric and polarimetric measurements of laboratory samples that simulate the structure of planetary regoliths. Computer modeling of shadow-hiding and coherent backscatter in regolith-like media are also presented. The laboratory investigations were carried out with a photometer/polarimeter at phase angles covering 0.2°-4° and wavelengths of 0.63 and 0.45 μm. We studied samples that characterize a variety of microscopic structures and albedos. A particle-size dependence of the negative branch of polarization for powdered dielectric surfaces was found. Colored samples such as a powder Fe2O3 exhibit a very prominent wavelength dependence of the photometric and polarimetric opposition phenomena. Metallic powders usually exhibit a wide branch of the negative polarization independent of the size of particles. For fine dielectric powders, both opposition phenomena become more prominent when the samples were compressed. Our computer modeling based on ray tracing in particulate media shows that shadow-hiding affects the negative polarization only in combination with the coherent backscatter enhancement. Modeling reveals that scattering orders higher than second contribute to negative polarization even in dark particulate surfaces. Our model qualitatively reproduces the effects of varying sample-compression that we observed in the laboratory. Our experimental and computer modeling studies mutually confirm that the degree of polarization for highly reflective dielectric surfaces depends not only on phase angle but also on surface tilt. Even at exactly zero phase the degree of polarization for tilted surfaces can be nonzero. A tilt of the surface normal to the scattering plane gives a parallel shift of the negative polarization branch to large values of |P|. The tilt in the perpendicular plane gives the same shift in the direction of positive polarization. At exactly zero phase angle, a celestial body of irregular shape can exhibit nonzero polarization even in integral polarimetric observations. 相似文献
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ABSTRACT Taxi trajectories from urban environments allow inferring various information about the transport service qualities and commuter dynamics. It is possible to associate starting and end points of taxi trips with requirements of individual groups of people and even social inequalities. Previous research shows that due to service restrictions, boro taxis have typical customer destination locations on selected Saturdays: many drop-off clusters appear near the restricted zone, where it is not allowed to pick up customers and only few drop-off clusters appear at complicated crossing. Detected crossings imply recent infrastructural modifications. We want to follow up on these results and add one additional group of commuters: Citi Bike users. For selected Saturdays in June 2015, we want to compare the destinations of boro taxi and Citi Bike users. This is challenging due to manifold differences between active mobility and motorized road users, and, due to the fact that station-based bike sharing services are restricted to stations. Start and end points of trips, as well as the volumes in between rely on specific numbers of bike sharing stations. Therefore, we introduce a novel spatiotemporal assigning procedure for areas of influence around static bike sharing stations for extending available computational methods. 相似文献
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Modern assessment and monitoring of aquatic ecosystems is increasingly based on biota and the “reference condition” approach,
in which the observed values (O) of biological variables are compared to those expected in the absence of human disturbance (E). To use this approach, correct estimation and validation of reference conditions are critical. Because appropriate modern
or historical data are never available for this approach, palaeolimnological data offer an alternative. We used a calibration
data set from 73 profundal sites in semi-pristine Finnish lakes to construct a regression model for estimating expected values
for the chironomid Benthic Quality Index (BQI)—a macroinvertebrate metric widely used in bioassessment—from environmental
variables that are insensitive to human disturbance. For comparison, reference values were estimated using the European legislative
rationale based on a priori lake typology. Performance of the alternative approaches was assessed by internal ‘leave-one-out’
cross-validation using the calibration set and by external cross-validation using independent palaeolimnological data on BQI
values representing the historical pristine status of 24 lake basins. Additionally, for 19 of these sites, which vary in their
degree of human impact, the ratio of present BQI to that in pristine condition, which shows the degree of actual change, if
any, was calculated from palaeolimnological data and compared with the O/E ratios based on the present chironomid data and estimated E. A linear regression model with mean depth and mean/maximum depth ratio as independent variables estimated the reference
values of BQI much closer to the observed ones (r
2 = 0.58, RMSEP = 0.65 and r
2 = 0.71 RMSEP = 0.55; for internal and external cross-validation, respectively) than did the typology approach (r
2 = 0.28, RMSEP = 0.86; r
2 = 0.10, RMSEP = 0.97). The regression approach also yielded O/E ratios more similar to the actual ones (r
2 = 0.79, RMSEP = 0.09) than did the typology approach (r
2 = 0.62, RMSEP = 0.23). Our results strongly support the use of lake morphometric variables and modelling instead of categorical
lake typology for the establishment of reference conditions for profundal macroinvertebrate communities and demonstrate the
utility of palaeolimnological data in the validation of reference values and assessment methods. 相似文献
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Lathrap introduced the concept of lateral channel migration of the meandering rivers as a potential factor for human community dynamics in the Upper Amazon. Nevertheless, the dynamics considered by Lathrap is restricted to particular floodplains. He payed no attention to a large scale fluvial phenomenom: the sudden river relocations (avulsion), which also profoundly affected the Upper Amazon cultures. We present here a historical case study analyzing a river floodplain avulsion at the Middle Ucayali River during the late 1700s, causing the abandonment of a settlement called San Miguel de Cunibos and probably leading to the massive migration of the Cunibos Indians. Furthermore, we argue that similar situations have frequently occurred during the human history of the Upper Amazon, and thus these fluvial phenomena should be taken into consideration in future archaeological and ethnohistorical studies. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
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Jouni I. Peltoniemi Jukka Piironen Jyri Nrnen Juha Suomalainen Risto Kuittinen Lauri Markelin Eija Honkavaara 《ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing》2007,62(6):434-446
The Sjökulla test site is used for testing and calibrating aerial images. The permanent test field is made of four types of gravel (dark gabbro, grey granite, red granite, white limestone) in two sizes (diameters 8–16 mm and 4–8 mm) set in various patterns. The bidirectional reflection properties of the targets together with their temporal changes must be known in order to carry out radiometric and spectral evaluation and calibration.The bidirectional reflectance distribution functions (BRF) of the gravel have been measured several times in the test fields using portable field goniospectrometers belonging Finnish Geodetic Institute (FGI), and once using the European Goniometic Facility (EGO) of the Joint Research Centre (JRC) at Ispra, Italy. Detailed BRFs have been obtained, showing features typical to particulate media, e.g. a small bowl shape, strong backscattering, and smooth wavelength dependence. Temporal range measurements over several years show that the black gabbro and red granite are fairly stable, while the grey granite has changed somewhat over the years and the white limestone has experienced dramatic darkening effects, requiring action to be taken.The measured BRF data have increased the usability of the test field considerably. The results are also useful in the development and validation of scattering models for particulate media. The site has proved to be a good test bench for goniospectrometric instruments, too. 相似文献