山东省小水源开发利用发展方向

阐述山东省小水源开发利用的重要性,分析小水源现状开发利用潜力,从影响小水源开发利用的主要因素出发,提出小水源近期开发利用发展方向,为合理制订小水源开发利用战略目标及对策措施提供科学依据.     

Effects of varying densities on serum reproductive parameters in pen-reared juvenile female rainbow trout <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oncorhynchus mykiss</Emphasis> farms

The primary goal of this study was to assess the effect of varying densities on serum reproductive parameters of immature rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Experimental trout were maintained in intensive, pen-reared farms for 300 days in fresh water reservoirs. Initial densities were 4.6, 6.6, and 8.6 kg/m³ (40, 60, 80 ind./m³), indicated as SD1, SD2, SD3, and final densities were 31.1, 40.6, 49.3 kg/m³, respectively. A summary of the ovarian stages were observed by histological examination. Serum E₂ (estradiol), T (testosterone) were evaluated by radioimmunoassay and FSH (follicle-stimulating-hormone), LH (luteinizing-hormone), vitellogenin, 17α,20β-P (17α,20βdihydroxy4-pregnen-3-one) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Our findings demonstrated that ovarian development were retarded (from stage III to stage IV) at highest rearing density (SD3) after 180 days of intensive culture (over 40.6 kg/m³). In addition, we observed an inverse relationship between serum reproductive parameters and rearing density. Furthermore, compared to serum reproductive parameters of SD1, E₂, T, FSH, vitellogenin, 17α,20β-P, GSI and LH of two higher density groups decreased firstly and significantly at 60 (over 15.9 kg/m 3 ), 180 (over 31.7 kg/m 3 ), 180 (over 40.6 kg/m³), 240 (over 36 kg/m³), 240 (over 36 kg/m³), 240 (over 45 kg/m³) and 300 (over 49.3 kg/m³) days, respectively. Comparing serum reproductive parameters within the same ovarian development stage of rainbow trout from varying densities revealed that higher population density also led to significantly lower overall serum reproductive parameters. Overall, this study presents the reproductive, endocrinological parameters of juvenile female rainbow trout at high rearing densities and indicates the need for rainbow trout (114.44±5.21 g, 19.69±0.31 cm) that are initially stocked at 6.6 or 8.6 kg/m³ should be classified and subdivided into lower density after 180 days of farming (not over 31.7 kg/m³).     

Stock discrimination of spottedtail goby (Synechogobius ommaturus) in the Yellow Sea by analysis of otolith shape

Otolith shape is species specific and is an ideal marker of fish population affiliation. In this study, otolith shape of spottedtail goby Synechogobius ommaturus is used to identify stocks in different spawning locations in the Yellow Sea. The main objectives of this study are to explore the potential existence of local stocks of spottedtail goby in the Yellow Sea by analysis of otolith shape, and to investigate ambient impacts on otolith shape. Spottedtail goby was sampled in five locations in the Yellow Sea in 2007 and 2008. Otoliths are described using variables correlated to size (otolith area, perimeter, length, width, and weight) and shape (rectangularity, circularity, and 20 Fourier harmonics). Only standardized otolith variables are used so that the effect of otolith size on the shape variables could be eliminated. There is no significant difference among variables of sex, year, and side (left and right). However, the otolith shapes of the spring stocks and the autumn stocks differ significantly. Otolith shape differences are greater among locations than between years. Correct classification rate of spottedtail goby with the otolith shape at different sampling locations range from 29.7%–77.4%.     

Evaluation of the fishery status for King Soldier Bream Argyrops spinifer in Pakistan using the software CEDA and ASPIC

Catch and effort data were analyzed to estimate the maximum sustainable yield(MSY) of King Soldier Bream, Argyrops spinifer(Forssk?l, 1775, Family: Sparidae), and to evaluate the present status of the fish stocks exploited in Pakistani waters. The catch and effort data for the 25-years period 1985–2009 were analyzed using two computer software packages, CEDA(catch and effort data analysis) and ASPIC(a surplus production model incorporating covariates). The maximum catch of 3 458 t was observed in 1988 and the minimum catch of 1 324 t in 2005, while the average annual catch of A. spinifer over the 25 years was 2 500 t. The surplus production models of Fox, Schaefer, and Pella Tomlinson under three error assumptions of normal, log-normal and gamma are in the CEDA package and the two surplus models of Fox and logistic are in the ASPIC package. In CEDA, the MSY was estimated by applying the initial proportion(IP) of 0.8, because the starting catch was approximately 80% of the maximum catch. Except for gamma, because gamma showed maximization failures, the estimated results of MSY using CEDA with the Fox surplus production model and two error assumptions, were 1 692.08 t(R 2 =0.572) and 1 694.09 t( R 2 =0.606), respectively, and from the Schaefer and the Pella Tomlinson models with two error assumptions were 2 390.95 t( R 2 =0.563), and 2 380.06 t( R 2 =0.605), respectively. The MSY estimated by the Fox model was conservatively compared to the Schaefer and Pella Tomlinson models. The MSY values from Schaefer and Pella Tomlinson models were the same. The computed values of MSY using the ASPIC computer software program with the two surplus production models of Fox and logistic were 1 498 t(R 2 =0.917), and 2 488 t( R 2 =0.897) respectively. The estimated values of MSY using CEDA were about 1 700–2 400 t and the values from ASPIC were 1 500–2 500 t. The estimates output by the CEDA and the ASPIC packages indicate that the stock is overfished, and needs some effective management to reduce the fishing effort of the species in Pakistani waters.     

黄渤海带鱼(Trichiurus lepturus)渔业生物学参考点估计研究

It is important to find a reliable method to estimate maximum sustainable yield(MSY) or total allowable catch(TAC) for fishery management, especially when the data availability is limited which is a case in China. A recently developed method(CMSY) is a data-poor method, which requires only catch data, resilience and exploitation history at the first and final years of the catch data. CMSY was used in this study to estimate the biological reference points for Largehead hairtail(Trichiurus lepturus, Temminck and Schlegel) in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea, based on the fishery data from China Fishery Statistical Year Books during 1986 to 2012. Additionally,Bayesian state-space Schaefer surplus production model(BSM) and the classical surplus production models(Schaefer and Fox) performed by software CEDA and ASPIC, were also projected in this study to compare with the performance of CMSY. The estimated MSYs from all models are about 19.7×104–27.0×104 t, while CMSY and BSM yielded more reasonable population parameter estimates(the intrinsic population growth rate and the carrying capacity). The biological reference points of B/BMSY smaller than 1.0, while F/FMSY higher than 1.0 revealed an over-exploitation of the fishery, indicating that more conservative management strategies are required for Largehead hairtail fishery.     

长江和长江口高含量无机氮的主要控制因素

根据1998－1998年长江和长江口河水和雨水的现场调查、历史资料以及相关文献，定量分析长江流域无机氮的主要来源和输送调查。估算表明，降水无机氮、农业非点源氮（化肥和土壤流失的氮）和点源污水氮的输入分别占长江口无机氮输出通量的62．3％、18．5％和14．4％。氮的降水输入是长江口高含量无机氮的主要来源，进入长江的降水氮仅仅大约占长江流域全部降水氮的36．8％。降水米要受控于化肥气态损失、化石燃料及动植物过程中释放的物质等。实际上，化肥N的气态损失和农业非点源流失大约占长江流域年化肥N使用量的60％，这是控制长江口高含量无机氮的关键因素。     

细条天竺鱼(Apogonichthys lineatus)与黑鳃天竺鱼(Apogonichthys arafurae)耳石形态识别的初步研究

利用2006年4月和2008年10月分别采自南海北部湾和渤海长岛海域的119尾细条天竺鱼(Apogonichthys lineatus)和57尾黑鳃天竺鱼(Apogonichthys arafurae)标本,以耳石长、耳石宽、周长、面积、矩形趋近率、充实度为基本形态学参数,结合傅立叶变换获得的形态特征变量,研究了两种天竺鱼耳石形态的差异。结果显示,两种天竺鱼耳石在整体轮廓、听沟形状、边缘形态等方面较为接近,细条天竺鱼耳石整体形态较为卵圆,后部较宽;黑鳃天竺鱼耳石整体略细长,后部较窄。利用耳石形态学特征变量对两种天竺鱼的判别分析成功率分别高达82.5%和88.2%,显示耳石形态学分析是天竺鱼鱼种识别的有力手段。     

钾盐矿床的分类及其找矿意义

一、概述有关钾盐矿床的研究工作,就当前世界范围来说,主要集中在欧美和苏联。前者,着重于探讨钾盐矿床的成矿理论,而对其分类的研究甚少;后者,除了研究钾盐矿床的成矿规律以外,同时还进行了一些分类的研究。其中研究得比较多的是伊万诺夫、菲维格等人。而其他学者,如我国的袁见齐教授也在阐述盐类矿床分类的同时,对     

组件重用思想在GIS开发中的应用

传统的GIS开发方式多采用结构化的设计思想,对于不同GIS信息系统的建设.需要重复去设计、开发相关模块,开发效率较低.文中将组件重用思想应用到GIS开发实践中,总结基于组件的软件重用技术,探讨GIS开发中常见可重用组件接口的设计思路,包括:主界面接口设计、空间数据库互操作接口设计和查询接口设计.通过开发实践证明,基于组件重用思想的GIS开发具有良好的开放性,可以高效、快速地开发出更稳定的应用系统,显著降低开发成本.     

三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)幼体不同干露温度下死亡率的研究

通过设置15℃、20℃、25℃、30℃4个干露温度梯度,检测不同发育阶段三疣梭子蟹幼体的露空时间、死亡率、含水量、失水率及体重消耗率等指标,分析干露温度、发育阶段与幼体死亡率的关系。结果表明,各发育阶段的幼体死亡率均随干露时间的增加而升高(P<0.05);不同温度条件下,Ⅰ期幼蟹(CⅠ)的含水量、失水率和体重消耗率均高于Ⅱ期幼蟹(CⅡ)(P<0.05);CⅡ20℃时的露空时间最长,为11h,半致死时间为7—8h;30℃时最短,为2h;CⅠ15℃时的露空时间最短,为0.5h;20℃时最长,为4h。相同温度下,幼体各发育阶段的耐干露能力为CⅡ>CⅠ>ZⅣ>ZⅢ=M。结果说明,温度≤15℃不利于幼体的存活,温度≥25℃干露耐受性降低。因此,20℃更有利于幼体获得长存活时间。