Interactions between mycorrhizal fungi and mycorrhizosphere bacteria during mineral weathering: Budget analysis and bacterial quantification

The impact of ectomycorrhizal fungi or rhizosphere bacteria on tree seedling growth and nutrient uptake is well known. However, few studies have combined those microorganisms in one experiment to clarify their relative contribution and interactions in nutrient acquisition. Here, we monitored the respective contributions of pine roots, two ubiquitous forest ectomycorrhizal fungi Scleroderma citrinum and Laccaria bicolor, and two S. citrinum-mycorrhizosphere bacterial strains of Burkholderia glathei and Collimonas sp., on mineral weathering, nutrient uptake, and plant growth. Pinus sylvestris plants were grown on quartz–biotite substrate and inoculated or not with combinations of mycorrhizal fungi and/or bacterial strains. Magnesium and potassium fluxes were measured and nutrient budgets were calculated. Both ectomycorrhizal fungi significantly increased Mg plant uptake. No significant effects of the two bacterial strains were detected on the K and Mg budgets, but co-inoculating the mycorrhizal fungus S. citrinum and the efficient mineral-weathering B. glathei bacterial strain significantly improved the Mg budget. Similarly, co-inoculating S. citrinum with the Collimonas sp. bacterial strain significantly improved the pine biomass compared to non-inoculated pine plants. In order to better understand this process, we monitored the survival of the inoculated bacterial strains in the quartz–biotite substrate, the pine rhizosphere, and the mycorrhizal niche. The results showed that the two bacterial strains harboured different colonization behaviours both of which depended on the presence of the ectomycorrhizal partner. The populations of the Burkholderia strain were maintained in all these environments with a significantly higher density in the mycorrhizal niche, especially of S. citrinum. In contrast the population of the Collimonas strain reached the detection level except in the treatment inoculated with S. citrinum. These results highlight the need for taking into account the ecology of the microorganisms, and more specifically the fungal–bacterial interactions, when studying mineral weathering and plant nutrition.     

铁路站场跨线桥耐候钢箱梁设计与施工

为得到铁路站场跨线桥合理结构并降低全寿命周期成本,结合跨银川车站既有桥梁加宽改建工程,综合各方面因素分析了该工程的主要边界条件,按照德国规范EN03(2007)《Design of Footbridges Guideline》进行人致振动时程舒适度分析.结果 表明:大跨度钢结构人行专用桥刚度小,自振频率很难满足国内现行...     

塔西南坳陷麦盖提斜坡奥陶系白云岩油气的发现及其勘探启示

塔里木盆地西南坳陷(简称塔西南坳陷)罗斯2井在奥陶系蓬莱坝组白云岩储层中获得高产工业气流,成为麦盖提斜坡近20年来最重大的油气发现。为了明确该区下一步的油气勘探方向,根据麦盖提斜坡及周缘的油气发现历程,分析了奥陶系已钻井的成功、失利因素,研究了奥陶系石灰岩风化壳和内幕白云岩储层的分布特征,厘清了油气成藏与构造圈闭形成、演化的关系,明确了该区奥陶系油气成藏的主控因素,讨论了油气分布与新元古代裂谷的关系。结果表明:①麦盖提斜坡奥陶系白云岩比石灰岩储层更发育,中奥陶统鹰山组上段石灰岩风化壳储层主要分布在断裂带,储层空间主要为高角度未充填裂缝,下奥陶统鹰山组下段和蓬莱坝组内幕白云岩储层横向分布稳定,储层空间主要为小型溶蚀孔洞,在地震剖面上表现为\"串珠\"状反射特征;②油气发现主要集中在断裂带,构造围斜部位奥陶系白云岩岩溶储集体形成的岩性圈闭是下一步的主要勘探目标;③寒武系烃源岩的分布状况是决定该区奥陶系油气勘探成功率的关键因素,受塔西南坳陷新元古代裂谷控制,坳陷中段是油气勘探的有利区带,发育奥陶系—上寒武统白云岩与石炭系泥岩、下寒武统白云岩与中寒武统膏盐层等多套油气生储盖组合。     

A Generalized Backward Euler algorithm for the numerical integration of an isotropic hardening elastoplastic model for mechanical and chemical degradation of bonded geomaterials

An extended version of the classical Generalized Backward Euler (GBE) algorithm is proposed for the numerical integration of a three‐invariant isotropic‐hardening elastoplastic model for cemented soils or weak rocks undergoing mechanical and non‐mechanical degradation processes. The restriction to isotropy allows to formulate the return mapping algorithm in the space of principal elastic strains. In this way, an efficient and robust integration scheme is developed which can be applied to relatively complex yield surface and plastic potential functions. Moreover, the proposed algorithm can be linearized in closed form, thus allowing for quadratic convergence in the global Newton iteration. A series of numerical experiments are performed to illustrate the accuracy and convergence properties of the algorithm. Selected results from a finite element analysis of a circular footing on a soft rock layer undergoing chemical weathering are then presented to illustrate the algorithm performance at the boundary value problem level. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.