生态供需规律探析

文中首先辨析"可持续"和"可持续发展"2个不同概念; 提出了生态需求和生态供给的概念, 认为生态需求分为公共生态需求和私人生态需求, 生态供给分为公共生态供给和私人生态供给; 分析了生态需求和生态供给的变动规律, 认为其各自分别有量的变动以及生态需求或供给的变动2种情况; 讨论了生态供求平衡的规律, 包括生态供求变化的基本趋势和生态供求平衡的调整; 最后指出:1)满足私人生态需求必须依靠以私人投入为主、政府投入为辅的市场调节机制, 满足公共生态需求则必须依靠以政府投入为主、私人投入为辅来实现; 2)增加生态供给有外延扩张和内涵扩展2种形式, 努力提高生态经济产品的价值内涵是扩大生态产品有效供给的正确选择。     

Benefits of Conservation Agriculture on Soil and Water Conservation and Its Progress in China

Conservation agriculture has been practised for three decades and has been spread widely. There are many nomenclatures surrounding conservation agriculture and differ to each other lightly. Conservation agriculture (CA) is a system approach to soil and water conservation, high crop productivity and profitability, in one word, it is a system approach to sustainable agriculture. Yet, because conservation agriculture is a knowledge-intensive and a complex system to learn and implement,and also because of traditions of intensive cultivation, adoption rates have been low, since to date, only about seven percent of the world's arable and permanent cropland area is farmed under conservation agriculture. The practice and wider extention of conservation agriculture thus requires a deeper understanding of its ecological underpinnings in order to manage its various elements for sustainable intensification, where the aim is to conserve soil and water and improve sustainability over the long term. This paper described terms related to conservation agriculture, presented the effects of conservation agriculture on soil and water conservation, crop productivity, progress and adoption of CA worldwide, emphasized obstacles and possible ways to increase CA adoption to accelerate sustainable development of China agriculture.     

Fishermen's perception on the sustainability of small‐scale fisheries and dolphin–fisheries interactions in two increasingly fragile coastal ecosystems in western Greece

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Modeling of Soil-Plant-Fertilizer Relationships for Optimizing Fertilizer Doses for Different Levels of Finger Millet Yield under Semi-Arid Alfisols

Experiments were conducted to test the superiority of treatment combinations of nitrogen (N; 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 kg ha^?1), phosphorus (0, 30, 60, 90 kg ha^?1) and potassium (0, 30, 60 kg ha^?1) for finger millet during 2005–2007. Application of 200-90-60 kg ha^?1 gave maximum yield of 1666, 1426 and 1640 kg ha^?1 in 3 years, respectively. The yield regression model through soil and fertilizer nutrients gave predictability of 0.98, 0.97 and 0.98, with sustainability yield index (SYI) of 50.4, 49.4 and 52.5 in 2005, 2006 and 2007, respectively. Optimum nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) doses for attaining yields of 800 and 1200 kg ha^?1 were derived at soil nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of 75–400, 10–70 and 150–750 kg ha^?1. Fertilizer nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium ranged from 30–128, 3–19, 13–25 kg ha^?1 and 105–203, 4–32, 27–39 kg ha^?1 for attaining 800 and 1200 kg ha^?1 yield, respectively. The doses could be adopted for attaining sustainable yields under semiarid Alfisols.     

北京市农业水资源可持续性利用评价

为探明北京市农业水资源利用演变规律,促进其可持续利用,采用主成分分析法对北京市2001—2015年农业水资源的可持续利用进行实证研究。结果表明:自2002年以来,北京市农业水资源可持续性水平持续改善,综合评价得分由2001年的0.23分提高至2015年的1.86分,15年增加7.21倍。其中,2001—2008年为快速改善阶段,2008—2015年为缓慢提升阶段。提出了提升平原区农民的节水意识、改革供水测算模式、建立奖罚分明的长效管理制度、加强节水技术的研发与成果转化、提供高水平的社会化服务体系和促进小农户节水等进一步提升北京市农业水资源可持续性利用水平的建议措施。     

热带农业生态系统土壤肥力与植物养分综合管理研究进展

The greatest challenge for tropical agriculture is land degradation and reduction in soil fertility for sustainable crop and livestock production.Associated problems include soil erosion,nutrient mining,competition for biomass for multiple uses,limited application of inorganic fertilizers,and limited capacity of farmers to recognize the decline in soil quality and its consequences on productivity.Integrated soil fertility management(ISFM) is an approach to improve crop yields,while preserving sustainable and long-term soil fertility through the combined judicious use of fertilizers,recycled organic resources,responsive crop varieties,and improved agronomic practices,which minimize nutrient losses and improve the nutrient-use efficiency of crops.Soil fertility and nutrient management studies in Ethiopia under on-station and on-farm conditions showed that the combined application of inorganic and organic fertilizers significantly increased crop yields compared to either alone in tropical agro-ecosystems.Yield benefits were more apparent when fertilizer application was accompanied by crop rotation,green manuring,or crop residue management.The combination of manure and NP fertilizer could increase wheat and faba bean grain yields by 50%–100%,whereas crop rotation with grain legumes could increase cereal grain yields by up to 200%.Although organic residues are key inputs for soil fertility management,about 85% of these residues is used for livestock feed and energy;thus,there is a need for increasing crop biomass.The main incentive for farmers to adopt ISFM practices is economic benefits.The success of ISFM also depends on research and development institutions to provide technical support,technology adoption,information dissemination,and creation of market incentives for farmers in tropical agro-ecosystems.     

一个崭新的研究视角:农业生产可持续性对气候变化响应的定量评价

气候条件及其变化是构成地理环境诸要素的最敏感、最活跃的因子,对人类农业生产的发展影响也最为明显。然而,气候变化体现在时间和空间两个尺度上。在时间尺度上,气候变化是同一个地区的不同历史时期的气候特征;在空间尺度上,气候变化是不同地区的同一个历史时期的气候特征。不同的连接区域的气候构成的气候变化序列可以替代同一个区域的历史时期的气候变化序列,因为它们的变化都是连续的。基于此思想,选择气候条件明显不同的两个区域(分别用我国南方的和北方的两个省代替),分别模拟不同的气候条件利用现代的统计数据,构建农业生产可持续性评价指标,利用主成分分析和多元回归等定量方法,并通过对数据进行处理,剔除耕地面积减少、土地利用、管理、地形特征等诸多因素的影响,以定量研究探讨气候变化(可能是渐变或跳跃性的突变转型)对农业生产可持续性的影响。研究表明:当气候条件转好时,自然环境条件对农业生产的作用减小;农业社会和农业产出状况对农业生产的作用也减小;人们会有选择地耕种农业劳动生产率水平相对较高的土地。当气候条件变差时,自然环境条件对农业生产的限制作用增强;农业产出和农业社会状况对农业生产发展的作用增大;人们更多关注农业人均产出水平和农村社会生产状况,对农业劳动生产率状况的关注严重减少。     

Future quantities and spatial distribution of harvesting residue and dead wood from natural disturbances in Canada

Interest in the use of bioenergy is increasing because of the need to mitigate climate change, the increasing costs and finite supply of fossil fuels, and the declining price of lumber and paper. Sound bioenergy policies must be informed by accurate estimates of potential feedstock production, rights to the production, social values and economics. Two of the main sources of bioenergy feedstock from forests are (i) harvesting residue and (ii) dead wood resulting from natural disturbances (i.e. standing dead timber). We modeled the production of bioenergy feedstock from these two sources from 2005 to 2020 for Canada's managed forest south of 60° N so that this information can be used in provincial and national strategic planning. Published estimates of harvesting residue vary widely, and our objective was to provide more precise estimates based on new forest inventory data and regional modeling. Natural disturbances result in very large quantities of dead wood on the landscape, but estimates of future stocks and annual production have not previously been made. Our estimates included a 50% discount factor to net-down theoretically available quantities to a more realistic estimate of potential ecologically sustainable bioenergy feedstock. The total future annual production averaged 51 ± 17 Tg year⁻¹ from natural disturbances and 20 ± 0.6 Tg year⁻¹ from clearcut harvesting residues. Harvesting residue for the area logged varied spatially from a low of 1.0 ± 0.77 kg m⁻² year⁻¹ to a high of 6.7 ± 0.1 kg m⁻² year⁻¹. Dead wood production due to insects was forecast to peak in the Montane Cordillera of British Columbia (BC) at 16.7 Tg year⁻¹ due to the current mountain pine beetle outbreak. Total dead wood production due to fire was highest in the western portion of the boreal forest (3.6 Tg year⁻¹ in the Boreal Shield of Saskatchewan), in part due to the high frequency of fires in these ecosystems and the large area of western boreal forest, but the highest density production was in BC: >9 kg m⁻² year⁻¹ in the burned area. Our results showed that the dead wood stocks of 331 Tg oven-dry matter potentially available for bioenergy in 2020 are much smaller than the 3100 ± 84 Tg of dead wood stocks estimated based on ecosystem dynamics. While bioenergy use will accelerate the release of greenhouse gases compared to on-site decay, the energy is renewable and can be used as a substitute for fossil fuels. The net benefit to the atmosphere of forest bioenergy use is affected by many factors, and future research should further assess which sustainable wood-based bioenergy strategies yield the greatest net greenhouse gas benefits over the different time scales needed for post-disturbance forest recovery.     

Current bycatch levels in Auckland Islands trawl fisheries unlikely to be driving New Zealand sea lion (Phocarctos hookeri)population decline

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Effects of Long-Term Fertilizer Application and Rainfall Distribution on Cotton Productivity,Profitability, and Soil Fertility in a Semi-arid Vertisol

Long-term fertilizer experiments were conducted on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) for 21 years with eight fertilizer treatments in a fixed site during 1987–2007 to identify an efficient treatment to ensure maximum yield, greater sustainability, monetary returns, rainwater-use efficiency, and soil fertility over years. The results indicated that the yield was significantly influenced by fertilizer treatments in all years except 1987 1988, and 1994. The mean cotton yield ranged from 492 kg ha^?1 under the control to 805 kg ha^?1 under 25 kg nitrogen (N) [farmyard manure (FYM)] + 25 kg N (urea) + 25 kg phosphorus (P) ha^?1. Among the nutrients, soil N buildup was observed with all treatments, whereas application of 25 kg N + 12.5 kg P ha^?1 exhibited increase in P status. Interestingly, depletion of potassium (K) was recorded under all the fertilizer treatments as there was no K application in any of the treatments. An increase in soil N and P increased the plant N and P uptake respectively. Using relationships of different variables, principal component (PC) analysis technique was used for assessing the efficiency of treatments. In all the treatments, five PCs were found significant that explained the variability in the data of variables. The PC model of 25 kg N (FYM) + 25 kg N (urea) + 25 kg P ha^?1 explained maximum variability of 79.6% compared to other treatments. The treatment-wise PC scores were determined and used in developing yield prediction models and measurement of sustainability yield index (SYI). The SYI ranged from 44.4% in control to 72.7% in 25 kg N (FYM) + 25 kg N (urea) + 25 kg P ha^?1, which attained a mean cotton yield of 805 kg ha^?1 over years. Application of 25 kg N (FYM) + 25 kg N (urea) + 25 kg P ha^?1 was significantly superior in recording maximum rainwater-use efficiency (1.13 kg ha^?1 mm^?1) and SYI (30.5%). This treatment also gave maximum gross returns of Rs. 30272 ha^?1 with benefit–cost ratio of 1.60 and maintained maximum organic carbon and available N, P, and K in soil over years. These findings are extendable to cotton grown under similar soil and agroclimatic conditions in any part of the world.