Views about integrating smoking cessation treatment within psychological services for patients with common mental illness: A multi‐perspective qualitative study

BackgroundTobacco smoking rates are significantly higher in people with common mental illness compared to those without. Smoking cessation treatment could be offered as part of usual outpatient psychological care, but currently is not.ObjectiveTo understand patient and health care professionals'' views about integrating smoking cessation treatment into outpatient psychological services for common mental illness.DesignQualitative in‐depth interviews, with thematic analysis.ParticipantsEleven Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) psychological wellbeing practitioners (PWPs), six IAPT patients, and six stop smoking advisors were recruited from English smoking cessation, and IAPT services.ResultsPatients reported psychological benefits from smoking, and also described smoking as a form of self‐harm. Stop smoking advisors displayed therapeutic pessimism and stigmatizing attitudes towards helping people with mental illness to quit smoking. PWPs have positive attitudes towards smoking cessation treatment for people with common mental illness. PWPs and patients accept evidence that smoking tobacco may harm mental health, and quitting might benefit mental health. PWPs report expertise in helping people with common mental illness to make behavioural changes in the face of mood disturbances and low motivation. PWPs felt confident in offering smoking cessation treatments to patients, but suggested a caseload reduction may be required to deliver smoking cessation support in IAPT.ConclusionsIAPT appears to be a natural environment for smoking cessation treatment. PWPs may need additional training, and a caseload reduction. Integration of smoking cessation treatment into IAPT services should be tested in a pilot and feasibility study.Patient or public contributionService users and members of the public were involved in study design and interpretation of data.     

焦虑水平与应付方式关系的初步研究

目的 探求学生焦虑水平与应付方式的关系。方法 用一般焦虑问卷（GAT）和应对方式问卷测查某中学初二学生共116名。结果 解决问题的应付方式和焦虑总水平及对人不安、身体征候、恐惧倾向三个焦虑分量表呈显著负相关;自责、幻想、退避和合理化的应付方式与焦虑水平之间存在显著正相关;而求助和焦虑总水平及各个焦虑分量表之间不相关或相关很小。结论 焦虑水平与应付方式之间关系密切,应付方式不同,焦虑水平就可能不同,为了降低焦虑水平,应掌握有效的应付方式。     

儿童牙科畏惧症心理干预的临床疗效观察

目的：探讨心理干预对儿童牙科畏惧症（DA）疗效的影响,方法：采用Corah's牙科畏惧症评分法,筛选出316例DA儿童患者,分为干预组和对照组,干预组在进行常规牙科治疗的同时采用心理干预;对照组则为常规的牙科治疗。结果：干预组DA程度明显降低,与牙科治疗前以及对照组比较都有显著性差异（P＜0．01）,牙科治疗后干预组脉搏减慢例数多于对照组,脉博加快例数少于对照组,差异有显著性（P＜0．05）,心理干预后男性比女性疗效要好（P＜0．05）,结论：心理干预方法治疗儿童DA是有效的。     

颞下颌关节紊乱病患者个性及应激反应的研究

目的 :了解TMDs患者的个性特征及应激反应状况。方法 :采用艾森克个性问卷、生活事件调查表、状态焦虑 特质焦虑调查表 ,分别对 80名TMDs患者和 6 5名正常人进行问卷测试 ,结果行统计学分析。结果 :①患病组E量表分偏低而N量表分偏高 ,与对照组比较差异有显著性。②两组负性生活事件发生率差异无显著性。③患病组的S AI和T AI分值均高于对照组。结论 :TMDs患者个性倾向内倾、不稳定型 ,且遇到压力时更易紧张焦虑     

Construction and evaluation of an alcohol vapor chamber system

An increasing number of studies demonstrated that alcohol vapor chamber is an effective way to model physical signs of alcohol use disorders. Although researchers are developing different vapor chambers to study chronic alcohol exposure model worldwide, few studies build and modify their own vapor chambers in China. Here, we designed and established an alcohol vapor chamber system for small animals. We described a paradigm showing how to control and monitor alcohol concentration in whole system. The vapor chamber system with several advantages including accommodating up to ten standard mouse cages. Furthermore, the system was tested by evaluating the blood alcohol concentration and neuron injury in mice. Importantly, the alcohol withdrawal after vapor exposure caused motor coordination impairment, anxiolytic- and depression-like behavior. Finally, the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-mediated glutamatergic transmissions in the medial prefrontal cortex was changed after alcohol vapor exposure-induced behaviors. The frequency and amplitude of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents between control and alcohol groups were not different, suggesting that alcohol exposure-induced behaviors are associated with the change in NMDAR response. Taken together, the new alcohol vapor chamber system was constructed, which would help to research the relationship between the stable alcohol exposure and withdrawal behaviors and to study chronic alcohol exposure-induced disorders in China.     

Fear and anxiety about COVID-19 among local and overseas Chinese university students

This study aimed to establish a new COVID-19 Fear (Higher Education) scale to investigate the relationship between fear and generalised anxiety symptoms among Chinese students in mainland China, Hong Kong, and other countries. 219 Chinese university students studying in universities in mainland China (n = 76, 34.7%), Hong Kong (n = 66, 30.1%), and overseas (i.e., outside of China as international students, n = 77, 35.2%) participated in an online study from March 31, 2020 to April 4. Participants completed a newly developed COVID-19 Fear (Higher Education) scale to measure three domains of fear including fear of infection, fear of instability and fear of insecurity related to the COVID-19 pandemic. They also completed the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale (GAD-7) on the severity of anxiety symptoms. About 9.6% of the participants could be classified as exhibiting high anxiety level according to the GAD-7. More students studying overseas (about 15%) were classified into the high GAD group when compared to students studying in both mainland China (6.6%) and Hong Kong (6.1%). MANOVA results showed that students studying in Hong Kong and overseas had more concerns related to preventive measures related to COVID-19 than their mainland counterparts did. We concluded that international students studying away from their home country would have higher risk to develop anxiety problems during a collective trauma such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Education institutions should provide support services including online support groups, social media groups for mutual support to alleviate the fear and anxiety of international students.     

择业期间大学生焦虑水平及其影响因素

目的 :对择业期间大学生焦虑水平及其影响因素进行调查 ,为高校心理卫生工作提供科学依据。方法 :采用“状态—特质焦虑量表”对 5 2 2名大学生择业期间焦虑水平进行测查 ,采用问卷调查法及访谈法探讨影响择业期间大学生焦虑水平的因素。结果 :择业情境导致大学生焦虑水平普遍升高 ,部分学生呈过度焦虑状态。择业期间大学生焦虑水平受自身条件、个人理想、社会环境、学校教育、家庭期望等因素的综合影响 ,其中自身条件、个人理想为首要因素。结论 :择业期间大学生产生焦虑的根本原因在于职业理想与实现可能的矛盾冲突     

Parents of Children with Cancer: A Longitudinal Study of Emotional Distress, Coping Style, and Marital Adjustment Two and Twenty Months After Diagnosis

Evaluated emotional distress, coping style, and marital adjustmentin 84 parents (42 couples) of children with cancer 2 monthsafter diagnosis and again about 20 months after diagnosis. Asexpected, mothers' mean state anxiety and trait anxiety scoresdecreased to near normal levels over time. Fathers' scores werelower initially and did not change. Neither mothers' nor fathers'mean marital adjustment scores changed over time. Marital adjustmentat treatment follow-up was predicted by depression and the spouse'smarital satisfaction in mothers, and depression, child healthstatus, and spouse's marital satisfaction in fathers. In contrastto findings obtained 2 months after diagnosis, coping stylewas not related to marital adjustment at follow-up. Resultsare discussed in terms of possible gender differences in therole of social support in marital adjustment and the stabilityversus situational specificity of coping styles.     

焦虑障碍经济负担研究的系统评价

目的：了解国外焦虑障碍经济负担研究的状况及研究方法，为我国开展焦虑障碍经济负担研究提供理论依据。方法：计算机检索相关文献。根据研究方法的不同分为焦虑障碍人均经济负担和国家经济负担研究，将各国的研究结果转换成2006年的货币价值后，根据购买力平价统一转换成美元。结果：纳入13篇文献，其中11篇为人均经济负担研究，2篇为国家经济负担研究。焦虑障碍人均直接经济负担最低为256美元／年，最高为8829美元／年，人均间接经济负担最少为328美元，最多达到8655美元／年。只有美国进行了焦虑障碍国家经济负担的研究，约为700亿美元／年。结论：焦虑障碍给家庭和社会带来沉重的经济负担。