TQA数据趋势与TomoTherapy输出稳定性的联系

目的:探讨TomoTherapy QualityAssurance（TQA）数据趋势与螺旋断层放疗（Helical Tomotherapy,HT）系统输出的联系。方法:回顾性分析了本院HT系统近3年内TQA各个模块的参数和数据趋势,探讨其与HT系统的静态输出剂量和输出能量（D20/D10）变化的相关性。结果:楔形阶梯静态模块的z轴偏移参数与HT的静态输出剂量的相关性最强（r=0.883,P<0.01）。基本剂量测定模块的出口检测器平整度值对能量变化最敏感（r=0.902）,其次是楔形阶梯静态模块的能量差异（r=0.897）和楔形阶梯螺旋模块的能量差异（r=0.852）,灵敏度分别为2.3×10-4、3.1×10-4和5.7×10-4。结论:TQA有助于用户追踪HT输出剂量和能量变化,及早进行必要的机器维护或剂量校准。     

螺旋形长型PHILOS接骨板治疗肱骨中上段骨折的生物力学研究

目的比较长型PHILOS接骨板(Synthes公司,瑞士)扭转成螺旋形前后的生物力学特性,为临床治疗肱骨中上段骨折提供生物力学依据。方法 12例Synbone人工骨(SYNBONE公司,瑞士)的右侧肱骨平均分为两组,对照组(n=6)采用10孔的长型PHILOS接骨板固定,实验组(n=6)采用相同的接骨板扭转成螺旋形后固定。肱骨中上段骨折造模后,利用万能力学试验机分别检测并比较两组接骨板固定后的整体构件在轴向拉伸和压缩、同向和反向扭转、前后及内外向三点弯曲6种加载方式下的生物力学特性。结果在100~500 N拉伸和压缩载荷下,实验组骨折断端位移分别较对照组增加约95%和58%;在0.6~3 N·m反向扭矩下,实验组扭转角度始终明显小于对照组,减少幅度达到55%~64%;在0.6~3 N·m的同向扭矩和1.5~7.5 N·m的前后向弯矩下,实验组的扭转角度和桡度均大于对照组,差异有显著性意义(P0.05);当内外向弯矩为1.5、3 N·m时,实验组与对照组的桡度差别无显著性意义(P0.05),而内外向弯矩为4.5、6、7.5 N·m时,实验组的桡度较对照组小20%~30%。实验组与对照组构件相比,拉伸和压缩刚度分别低49%和36%,同向和反向扭转刚度分别低19%和高150%,内外向和前后向弯曲刚度分别高18%和低70%,差异均有显著性意义(P0.05)。结论长型PHILOS接骨板扭转成螺旋形后固定肱骨中上段骨折的总体力学性能有所改善,可以满足临床对该类骨折的手术固定和术后康复需要。结合微创手术的优势,该技术有望在临床得到广泛应用。     

In vivo measurement of dose distribution in patients' lymphocytes: helical tomotherapy versus step-and-shoot IMRT in prostate cancer

In radiotherapy, in vivo measurement of dose distribution within patients'' lymphocytes can be performed by detecting gamma-H2AX foci in lymphocyte nuclei. This method can help in determining the whole-body dose. Options for risk estimations for toxicities in normal tissue and for the incidence of secondary malignancy are still under debate. In this investigation, helical tomotherapy (TOMO) is compared with step-and-shoot IMRT (SSIMRT) of the prostate gland by measuring the dose distribution within patients'' lymphocytes. In this prospective study, blood was taken from 20 patients before and 10 min after their first irradiation fraction for each technique. The isolated leukocytes were fixed 2 h after radiation. DNA double-stranded breaks in lymphocyte nuclei were stained immunocytochemically using anti-gamma-H2AX antibodies. Gamma-H2AX foci distribution in lymphocytes was determined for each patient. Using a calibration line, dose distributions in patients'' lymphocytes were determined by studying the gamma-H2AX foci distribution, and these data were used to generate a cumulative dose–lymphocyte histogram (DLH). Measured in vivo (DLH), significantly fewer lymphocytes indicated low-dose exposure (<40% of the applied dose) during TOMO compared with SSIMRT. The dose exposure range, between 45 and 100%, was equal with both radiation techniques. The mean number of gamma-H2AX foci per lymphocyte was significantly lower in the TOMO group compared with the SSIMRT group. In radiotherapy of the prostate gland, TOMO generates a smaller fraction of patients'' lymphocytes with low-dose exposure relative to the whole body compared with SSIMRT. Differences in the constructional buildup of the different linear accelerator systems, e.g. the flattening filter, may be the cause thereof. The influence of these methods on the incidence of secondary malignancy should be investigated in further studies.     

Dosimetric comparison of vaginal vault brachytherapy vs applicator-guided stereotactic body radiotherapy with volumetric modulated arc therapy and helical tomotherapy for endometrium cancer patients

We performed this dosimetric study to compare a nonstandard volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) and helical tomotherapy (HT) techniques with high-dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy (BRT) plan of vaginal vault in patients with postoperative endometrial cancer (EC). Twelve postoperative patients with early stage EC were included in this study. Three plans were performed for each patient; dosimetric and radiobiological comparisons were made using dose-volume histograms and equivalent dose for determining the planning target volume (PTV) coverages in brachytherapy and external beam radiotherapy, and organs-at-risk (OARs) doses between three different delivery techniques. All the plans achieved adequate dose coverage for PTV; however, the VMAT plan yielded better dose conformity, and the HT plan showed better homogeneity for target volume. With respect to the OARs, the bladder D_2cc was significantly lower in the BRT plan than in the VMAT and HT plans, with the highest bladder D_2cc value being observed in the HT plan. However, no difference was observed in the rectum D_2cc of the three plans. Other major advantages of the BRT plan over the VMAT and HT plans were the relatively lower body integral doses and femoral head doses as well as the fact that the integral doses were significantly lower in the BRT plan than in the VMAT and HT plans. This is the first dosimetric comparison of vaginal vault treatment for EC with BRT, VMAT, and HT plans. Our analyses showed the feasibility of stereotactic body radiotherapy technique as an alternative to HDR-BRT for postoperative management of EC patients.     

螺旋断层固定野和旋转调强放疗技术在全身照射中的应用对比研究

目的 探究使用螺旋断层固定野调强（TD）和螺旋断层旋转调强（HT）放射治疗技术在全身照射（TBI）中的应用对比,并评估TD治疗技术下计划的质量和执行效率,指导临床选择最佳的计划设计方案。方法 对郑州大学第一附属医院收治的8例身高在120 cm左右的已行TBI的急性白血病患者进行回顾性研究,分别选择TD和HT治疗技术进行计划设计,其中TD分别设计2~12内奇数个均分射野的计划,且起始角度分别从180°和0°开始,其余计划参数都保持一致。最后对设计好的计划剂量分布进行统计,比较TD与HT治疗技术下的计划在靶区的平均剂量（PTV_Dmean）、均匀性指数（HI）和危及器官（OARs）受量,以评估计划质量,并比较治疗出束时间以评估治疗效率。结果 9野的TD计划相对于HT计划在PTV_Dmean和靶区HI能达到一致效果,差异无统计学意义。但TD<9野的计划相对于HT计划在PTV_Dmean（t=-3.12、-5.41、-20.33、-4.56、-7.22、-11.27,P<0.05）和靶区HI（t=-2.94、-5.18、-15.66、-4.31、-5.51、-9.13,P<0.05）无剂量学优势,差异有统计学意义。同时TD计划中起始角度对PTV_Dmean和靶区HI没有影响。在危及器官方面,≥ 7野TD计划与HT计划在左肺平均剂量与右肺平均剂量差异无统计学意义;左眼晶状体计划危及体积（PRV）的最大剂量（2.14±0.60）Gy与右眼晶状体PRV最大剂量（3.05±0.10）Gy在3野TD计划与HT计划差异有统计学意义（t=0.77、0.63,P<0.05）,眼晶状体PRV在最大剂量方面具有一定优势。治疗出束时间差异无统计学意义。TD计划中起始角度对左右眼晶状体PRV最大剂量、左肺平均剂量及治疗出束时间没有影响。结论 对于≥ 9野的TD调强计划相对于HT计划在靶区、危及器官及治疗出束时间方面能达到一致的结果,但在眼晶状体PRV最大剂量方面具有一定优势。     

急性阑尾炎的CT表现

目的 探讨急性阑尾炎的CT表现。方法 对68例手术、病理证实为急性阑尾炎病人的腹部CT资料进行回顾性分析，对阑尾大小、有无阑尾结石、阑尾周围及盲肠末端的改变作了观察、分析。结果 68例中61例CT诊断为急性阑尾炎，7例假阴性，CT诊断急性阑尾炎的敏感性为89．7％。急性阑尾炎的CT表现主要有阑尾增粗(76．5％)，阑尾结石(29．4％)，阑尾周围炎性改变(66．2％)，阑尾脓肿(13．2％)，蜂窝织炎(10．3％)，盲肠末端肠壁增厚(7．4％)和局部淋巴结肿大(5．9％)。结论 急性阑尾炎可出现多种CT表现，熟悉这些表现有助于提高CT诊断阑尾炎的准确性。     

超声内镜及CT检查对食管癌术前TN分期的价值

目的 评价超声内镜、螺旋CT检查对食管癌术前TN分期的价值.方法 回顾性总结术前EUS、CT判断87例食管癌的分期资料,并与术后病理分期对照.患者均未行化、放疗.环扫超声内镜进行操作,5例轻度狭窄病例扩张后再予EUS分期.结果 EUS T分期总准确率为85.1%,CT无法区分T1、T2.对于N分期,EUS判断探及范围内淋巴结转移的灵敏度为85.0%,高于CT扫描的60.8%;CT探查纵隔淋巴结较EUS全面.EUS与cT联合判断T分期的准确率为85.1%,N分期的准确率为90.8%.结论 EUS判断肿瘤浸润深度准确性高,EUS联合CT可进行更为全面准确的TNM分期.     

铅门宽度和螺距在肺癌脑转移患者螺旋断层放疗计划设计中的研究

对7例肺癌脑转移患者按照铅门宽度（1 cm,2.5 cm和5 cm）和螺距（0.15,0.30和0.45）的组合设计螺旋断层放疗计划,对其靶区、正常组织和治疗时间差异分析比较。所有计划均给予全脑CTV 30 Gy,转移灶GTV 50 Gy,计划分次为10次。结果证明靶区仅GTV的平均剂量和适形度（CI）差异有统计学意义（P =0.0021, P =0.0128）,危及器官均在正常剂量限制范围以内,治疗时间与铅门宽度近似成反比例,螺距对其影响较小。研究表明5 cm的铅门宽度能够有效缩短治疗时间、提高治疗效率。     

螺旋断层放射治疗胰腺癌摆位误差分析

目的分析在兆伏级电子计算机断层扫描(MVCT)图像引导下采用螺旋断层调强放疗技术治疗胰腺癌患者的摆位误差,并计算计划靶区(PTV)的边界(margin)外放。方法行MVCT图像扫描,将扫描获取的MVCT图像与计划CT图像进行配准,记录左右(X)、头脚(Y)、腹背(Z)轴方向和横断面旋转(roll)方向的误差值,并对误差值进行分析计算。结果共行592次MVCT扫描。X、Y、Z和roll方向摆位误差值分别为(-0.5±2.8)mm、(-1.1±6.4)mm、(6.0±4.4)mm和(-0.2±0.7)°。X、Y和Z 3个方向上的平均误差小于5 mm,所占比例分别为97.13%(575/592)、88.01%(521/592)和37.84%(224/592),roll方向旋转误差小于1°,所占比例为93.92%(556/592)。根据公式得出在X、Y和Z 3个方向PTV的边界外放间距值分别为5.2、9.9和7.5 mm。结论对MVCT图像引导下行螺旋断层放射治疗胰腺癌患者的摆位误差数据分析,为提高放射治疗精度及疗效,推荐胰腺癌放疗在X、Y和Z三维方向上CTV到PTV的margin外放值分别为5、10和8 mm。     

肺癌螺旋断层放疗计划设计的初步研究

目的：比较同一肺内存在上肺和下肺病灶的肺癌患者制定一个计划和单独两个计划的剂量学差异,制定出一套合理的肺癌螺旋断层放疗计划方案。方法：选择上肺和下肺病灶的10例患者,分别设计一个计划和单独两个计划,将单独两个计划的剂量学参数逻辑相加,与一个计划的剂量学参数比较,分析其差异。结果：10例患者一共48例治疗计划,所有计划均能满足合适的靶区剂量均匀度和适形度。同侧肺内病灶的患者靶区平均剂量差异在1％以内,正常肺组织V5～V15差异较大,范围为0．05％～7．47％;对侧肺内病灶的患者靶区平均剂量差异在1．5％以内,正常肺组织V,差异较大,范围为O．64％～8．36％。无论同侧肺内病灶患者和对侧肺内病灶患者,病灶间隔（PTv）大于5cm的患者,单次治疗时间均至少降低25％以上。个别患者最大降幅为50．92％。结论：对于病灶间隔（PTV）大于5cm的患者,建议分开单独设计计划,可以有效节约患者单次治疗时间,提高治疗效率,并且解决患者治疗前影像引导靶区配准的临床难题。