四川盆地五峰组—龙马溪组页岩气成因与碳同位素倒转机制——来自热模拟实验的认识

四川盆地上奥陶统五峰组-下志留统龙马溪组是国内目前唯一实现页岩气商业性开发的层系,但目前对页岩气成因仍有一定分歧,主要原因是缺乏直接的实验证据。通过对国内外上奥陶统-下志留统低、中成熟度页岩和笔石开展黄金管生烃热模拟实验研究发现：（1）五峰组-龙马溪组页岩气主体以浮游藻类等富氢、富脂质有机质生成的油进一步滞留裂解为主,笔石生油能力较差,高-过成熟演化阶段有一定的生气能力,最高可达浮游藻类等富氢、富脂质有机质生气能力的20%左右;（2）五峰组-龙马溪组页岩下部层位由于富集浮游藻类、疑源类等富氢、富脂质有机质等生烃能力更强的有机质,从生气量上就优于上部以笔石为主的层位,这是下部为商业性页岩气层的一个重要原因;（3）单纯的热演化分馏、原油裂解气和干酪根裂解气的混合未造成烃气碳同位素倒转,地层抬升作用、地层水、矿物、金属等对页岩气中烃类的后期改造可能是造成页岩气同位素倒转的重要原因,碳同位素倒转可能更多体现了页岩气后期保存过程的影响。     

四川盆地平桥地区五峰—龙马溪组页岩微观孔隙特征研究

基于氩离子抛光扫描电镜、吸附脱附实验等方法,对四川盆地平桥地区五峰组-龙马溪组下部页岩微观孔隙进行了研究。结果表明,富有机质的硅质页岩和碳质页岩微观孔隙以有机孔和微裂缝为主;孔隙结构相对复杂,孔隙形态丰富,孔径范围较大。吸附脱附实验显示,该页岩既有狭窄的平行板片状孔、少量的锥形平板孔和楔形孔,孔隙连通性相对差,又有规则开放圆孔与一端开口的墨水瓶状孔,孔隙开放性、连通性相对好。氩离子抛光扫描电镜法测量有机孔以细介孔为主且偏向微孔;吸附法测量比表面积为9～32.6 m²/g,平均18.0 m²/g,值偏低,BET法孔径为3.23～4.35 nm,BJH法孔容平均0.016 5 cm³/g,以细介孔为主,且偏向微孔界线。综合分析认为,研究区页岩储层微观孔隙以细介孔为主,且介孔和微孔贡献了绝大部分的比表面积。     

自主建构——对涌现性的机器人施工方法的研究

本论文的目的是介绍自主控制的机器人施工方法，此研究的内容是密歇根大学建筑与城市规划塔伯曼学院2012年秋季学期的可选设计课程之一，课程名称为“感知生态学””，由作为伊利尔．沙里宁教席客座教授的马提阿斯．德尔．坎波和建筑系讲师亚当．弗勒所共同指导完成。验证概念模型的方式是使用配备热塑性的沉积系统的7轴工业用机器人（图1）桌制造它。项目暗藏的宗旨是要对无法归类的建构系统进行探索。探索这个形式的长远匪标是要让“自主建构”能对环境影响做出高水准的动态响应。     

Palynostratigraphical studies on some subsurface middle Albian–early Cenomanian sediments from North Western Desert,Egypt

The Kharita and Bahariya formations are of great importance for Egyptian economy. They are the target of the oil and gas exploration in the Egyptian Western Desert. The present study investigated the palynostratigraphy, palynofacies and spore coloration of samples from these two formations in Negelah-1 Borehole. The investigations were used to evaluate their thermal maturity and potentiality to generate the hydrocarbons. The identified palynozones are Afropollis jardinus Acme Zone (late Albian–early Cenomanian) and Araucariacites australis Acme Zone (middle Albian). The first zone is differentiated into two subzones, which are Elaterosporites klaszii Interval Subzone and Cretacaeiporites densimurus Interval Subzone. The palynofacies analysis revealed that the Kharita Formation was deposited in proximal near shore marine environment under oxic conditions. Whereas the lower part of the Bahariya Formation was initially deposited in proximal near shore dysoxic marine conditions and the environment of deposition getting more distal to inner shelf dysoxic to anoxic marine conditions in the younger upper part. The samples from both formations include gas prone type III and IV. The spore color observations indicated that the samples from both formations are immature to yield gas and are not effective hydrocarbon source.     

Investigation of the Formation of Iron-Rich Intermetallic Phases in Al–Si Alloys via Thermal Analysis Cooling Curves,Including a Real-Time Detection for Filtration Process

The formation of iron (Fe)-containing intermetallics during solidification is challenging due to the influences of cooling rate and chemical composition. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is an accurate analysis method but merely replicates adjustable cooling conditions. Thereby, the solidification range is traversed several times before DSC measurement. For this purpose, thermal analysis cooling curves with double thermocouple are conducted to investigate the formation temperature of Fe-rich intermetallics in different AlSi casting alloys. In addition, the influence of chemical composition is examined by increasing the initial contents of iron, manganese, and chromium to 0.8 wt% each. The double thermocouple setup allows determining feeding points and solid fractions of the alloy compounds. To evaluate the data sets, the statistical program R is used to improve data processing and smoothing. The signature of Fe-rich intermetallics in the temperature–time plots corresponds to the detected phases in optical micrographs. In addition, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy and electron backscattering diffraction are used to measure the local chemical composition and identify the iron-rich intermetallics. Real-time evaluation (differential calculation, first derivative, incl. smoothing) for an applicable filtration process can be performed using thermocouples with analog-to-digital converter and Python programs with an interactive graphical interface.     

Impact of in Situ Heat Treatment Effects during Laser-Based Powder Bed Fusion of 1.3343 High-Speed Steel with Preheating Temperatures up to 700 °C

For laser-based powder bed fusion (PBF-LB) of high carbon steels, preheated build platforms can reduce thermal stresses and crack formation inside the generated material. Furthermore, the heat distribution during PBF-LB is affected by laser energy input and heat transfer into the surrounding area. Depending on the preheating temperature and the thermal conditions during PBF-LB, thermal gradients and different thermal exposure times of the manufactured layers can lead to in situ heat treatment effects. As a result, gradients in microstructures and properties are observed in the manufactured material. The effects are investigated on AISI M2 high-speed steel (1.3343). Specimens are manufactured at platform preheating temperatures between 200 and 700 °C. Base plate and surface temperatures in the building layer are monitored by thermocouples and pyrometry. Local variations in the material microstructure and properties are determined and the effects of temperature distribution on microstructure and hardness are discussed.     

Pathological Circulating Factors in Moyamoya Disease

Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a cerebrovascular disease that presents with vascular stenosis and a hazy network of collateral formations in angiography. However, the detailed pathogenic pathway remains unknown. Studies have indicated that in addition to variations in the of genetic factor RNF213, unusual circulating angiogenetic factors observed in patients with MMD may play a critical role in producing “Moyamoya vessels”. Circulating angiogenetic factors, such as growth factors, vascular progenitor cells, cytokines, inflammatory factors, and other circulating proteins, could promote intimal hyperplasia in vessels and excessive collateral formation with defect structures through endothelial hyperplasia, smooth muscle migration, and atypical neovascularization. This study summarizes the hypothesized pathophysiology of how these circulating factors affect MMD and the interactive modulation between them.     

Pursuit formations with dynamic control gains

The paper presents a coordinated motion control law of multiple autonomous agents based on the pursuit strategy with dynamical gains. In particular, we are interested in the control law with no communication between the agents, that is, the leader's moving velocity is not known by the follower robots. Each follower only utilizes its local measurement of relative position information to keep a desired distance and a desired bearing with its neighbors according to a fixed topology. The paper proposes a modified follower's control law, in which each follower pursues its neighbor along the line of sight rotated by a constant offset angle with a dynamic control gain. The offset angle is designed to attain the specific bearing and the dynamic control gain is introduced for the purpose of achieving the desired distance to its neighbor. Then, all the agents make the same motion to the leader's in a steady formation. It is shown that, for the case of uniform rectilinear motion, the group of mobile robots converges to the exact formation specified by the offset angles and the distances no matter what the leader's velocity is, whereas for the case of uniform circular motion, the group of agents converges to an approximation of the formation attained in the rectilinear motion case when the leader's turning radius is much greater than the desired distances between neighboring robots. The effectiveness of the proposed technique and the obtained analytical results are demonstrated in simulations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Cutaneous sensory nerve formations as studied with impregnation techniques: Notes about a simple and reliable method

In spite of the modern immunocytochemical methods employed in the study of peripheral sensory nerve formations, silver impregnations are still frequently used. This paper describes and discusses in detail a simple “Cajal-type” silver impregnation method suitable for the peripheral and central nervous systems, which offers excellent results when used in the study of sensory nerve formations. Essential features are (a) the use of a pretreatment solution containing sodium tartrate and picric acid; (b) the short time needed for the whole impregnation process; (c) its simplicity, and (d) the ability to show the axonal elements of sensory nerve formations and other very thin nerve fibres too difficult to be demonstrated with immunohistochemical methods. Taken together, these properties allow this method to be included among the so-called “routine methods.” © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

中国南方海相层系油气成藏组合类型与勘探前景

中国南方海相层系以志留系区域滑脱层为界,可分为上、下两个构造层,据不同地区上、下构造层形变特征与强度及其组合特征,可将其地质结构分为单层稳定、双层连续、双层断褶、单层叠瓦、双层冲滑、单层冲断和二元推覆等7种类型。印支以来多期沉降与隆升产生了"早降晚抬"和"早抬晚降"2大类6种形式的埋藏演化史类型。海相地层原始建造、后期构造运动改造与上覆陆相地层的叠加形成了原生型、改造型、再生型和后生型4种类型的成藏组合。其中原生型成藏组合油气保存条件好,勘探前景好。中、下扬子区再生型和后生型成藏组合具有一定的勘探前景。