(L)集合范畴中的(L)幺半群模

本文引入以完备的Heyting代数为真值集L集合范畴及L幺半群范畴概念,构造了L幺半群模结构与L幺半群T代数结构;讨论了L积函子F与L幺半群单位函子G的伴随性,并证明了与该伴随对应的L比较函子K是一个同构,从而得出L幺半群单位函子G是L可模的。     

正交试验法优化香柏(变种)中总黄酮提取工艺

研究提取香柏总黄酮的最佳工艺条件。以总黄酮的得率为考察指标,溶剂回流作为提取手段,利用单因素和正交试验,考察提取温度、提取时间、乙醇溶液体积分数、液固比以及提取次数对总黄酮得率的影响。最优工艺条件为:在80℃水浴条件下,提取时间90 min、乙醇溶液体积分数60%、液固比50∶1(mL/g)、提取次数3次。在最优工艺条件下总黄酮的提取率可达7.68 g/100 g。该方法操作方便、准确可靠,可以用于工业化生产。     

Nachweis von Dioxinen und dioxinähnlichen Substanzen mit dem Micro-EROD-Bioassay: Untersuchungen von Milch und Rinderfett

Zusammenfassung. Es wurde untersucht, ob der Micro-EROD-Bioassay (EROD-Assay) für den Einsatz als amtliche Screening-Methode für Dioxine und dioxin?hnliche Stoffe in Lebensmitteln grunds?tzlich geeignet ist. Ein Ziel war das Verkürzen und Vereinfachen der Probenaufarbeitung im Vergleich zu den Anforderungen der instrumentellen Analytik. Alle Proben wurden zuvor instrumentell nach gesetzlichen Vorgaben auf PCDD/F untersucht. Die Ergebnisse des EROD-Assays und der instrumentellen Analytik wurden unter Berücksichtigung der Anforderungen der EG-Richtlinien an Screening-Verfahren für Dioxine und dioxin?hnliche Substanzen verglichen. Die vorliegende Publikation gibt einen überblick über die bisherigen Ergebnisse. Proben aus frischer, bereits verdorbener und gefriergetrockneter Milch sowie Rinderfett standen zur Verfügung. Die Rohfett-Aufarbeitung für den EROD-Assay wurde auf eine S?ulenchromatographie reduziert. Die Ergebnisse waren mit steigender Matrixqualit?t, verdorbene Milch < Rinderfett < Frischmilch, besser. In allen F?llen lag der mittlere Quotient der Ergebnisse von EROD-Assay und HRGC/HRMS um 1. Es zeigte sich eine Tendenz zu h?heren Werten im EROD-Assay bei niedriger Dioxinbelastung (<0,7 pg WHO-PCDD/F-TEQ/g Fett) und zu geringeren Werten bei Proben mit >5 pg WHO-PCDD/F-TEQ/g Fett. “Falsch” positive Ergebnisse k?nnen durch andere stabile CYP1A1-Induktoren, wie dioxin?hnliche PCBs, ausgel?st werden. Für eine bessere Erfassung hoher Belastungen sind andere Verdünnungsstufen zu w?hlen. In den vorliegenden Versuchen sollte der Bereich um den jeweiligen Ausl?sewert optimal erfasst werden. Die meisten Anforderungen der EG an zellbasierte Testsysteme im Rahmen des Nachweises von Dioxinen wurden bei allen Proben erfüllt. Der VK unabh?ngiger Extraktionen lag nur bei frischer Milch im Rahmen der gesetzlichen Vorgaben. Für über 90% der Proben, die aufgrund ihres Verderbs nicht mehr für eine HRGC/HRMS-Analyse geeignet waren, konnte aber über die Mittelwerte der Messungen eine korrekte Zuordnung zum jeweiligen Ausl?sewert getroffen werden. Durch den gleichzeitigen Einsatz einer Standardzulage und eines empirischen Faktors traten keine falsch negativen, jedoch eine erh?hte Anzahl “falsch” positiver Proben auf. Abh?ngig vom Messumfang k?nnten durch den Einsatz des EROD-Assays mehr Proben untersucht bzw. die Kosten für die Dioxin-Analytik gesenkt werden. Erste Ergebnisse mit frischer Milch er?ffnen die M?glichkeit eines 24-Stunden-Tests zur Identi- fizierung gering belasteter Proben. Im n?chsten Schritt sollen die Daten für frische Milch mit belasteten Proben konsolidiert werden. Weiter sind unverdorbene Matrices tierischer Herkunft (z.B. Leber, Muskel) und pflanzliche Proben unter den vorgestellten Bedingungen zu untersuchen. Eingegangen: 24. Mai 2006     

Comparison of six methylation methods for analysis of the fatty acid composition of albacore lipid

Six methods widely used to produce methyl esters for the gas chromatographic determination of the fatty acid composition of a marine lipid were compared. Four acid-catalyzed methods (1% H₂SO₄: CH₃OH; 5% HCl: CH₃OH; 7% and 14% BF₃: CH₃OH) and two base-catalyzed methods [0.5M NaOCH₃: CH₃OH; (1:4) tetramethylguanidine: CH₃OH] were used.
The use of BF₃: CH₃OH (7% and 14%) gave a lower content of 18:1 n9 than the other methods and produced an artefact (2.7–3.2% of total fatty acid content) eluting between the 20:5 and 24:1 fatty acid methyl esters. No significant differences were obtained between the other four methods.
Accordingly the use of BF₃: CH₃OH for transmethylation of marine lipids is not recommended. Results obtained in the other four methods showed that all are comparable.     

天然抗氧化剂的筛选

对７００余种中药和香辛料的抗氧化活性进行了大规模的筛选，发现有６４种植物有明显的抗氧化活性，２４种植物的抗氧化活性很强。其中有几种植物的抗氧化活性的筛选和研究，如荔枝草，降真香，紫草，血竭是以前未见报道过的。     

帮底粘合强度测定方法与鞋类产品标准指标的问题

目前国内鞋类产品标准中关于帮底粘合强度检测项目多数采用GB/T532《硫化橡胶或热塑性橡胶与织物粘合强度的测定》标准,但对照该标准条款要求,就会发现由于鞋类自身材料、结构的特性,通常情况下检测样、测试样、甚至检测过程均不能符合GB/T 532的标准要求,严重偏离了标准的多个条款规定,如果没有有效识别偏离方法的情况,并做必要的验证和限制,必然影响到试验的结果准确性.如果要通过检测获得相对准确的该项目检测结果,GB/T 532标准不能达到检测目的,应另外选择或者制订其它标准.     

Evaluation of the antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of extracted saponins and flavonols from germinated black beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Flavonoids and saponins from common beans have been widely studied due to their bioactivity. This research evaluated the effect of germination of black beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) on the antioxidant capacity and antiproliferative activity against cancer cell lines of saponins and flavonoids extracted from seed coats, cotyledons and sprouts. Principal component analysis was performed to achieve punctual associations between the black bean saponins and flavonoids concentrations to the antioxidant capacity and the antiproliferative activities. Total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of extracts were higher when obtained from seed coats, mainly from the 3rd germination day. The extracts obtained from seed coats after 3 and 5 germination days inhibited all cancer cell lines proliferation with no cytotoxicity against control cells. Genistein was related with the activity against mammary cancer cells but flavonols and group B saponins were more related with hepatic and colon cancers. Non-glycosilated flavonols were related with antioxidant capacity.     

Yogurt starter cultures of Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus ameliorate symptoms and modulate the immune response in a mouse model of dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis

We investigated the yogurt starter cultures of Lactobacillus bulgaricus 151 and Streptococcus thermophilus MK-10 for their effect on the severity of experimental colitis, lymphocyte profile, and regulatory T-cell response. Colitis was induced in BALB/c mice via the administration of 3.5% dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS) in drinking water for 6 d. Next, the mice were gavaged intragastrically with an active yogurt cultures (YC) mixture (～5 × 10⁹ cfu/mouse per day) or saline (vehicle) for 8 d. Mice receiving DSS or saline alone served as positive and negative controls, respectively. The length of the colon, disease activity index, histological scores, myeloperoxidase activity, epithelium-associated microbes, short-chain fatty acid profile, total IgA antibody-forming cells, CD3⁺CD8⁺, CD3⁺CD4⁺, CD3⁺CD4⁺CD25⁺, CD3⁺CD4⁺CD25⁺Foxp3⁺ T-cell subsets, and cytokine profiles (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, IFN-γ, and tumor necrosis factor) were examined after termination of the mice. Feeding mice with YC mixture reduced disease symptoms and modified intestinal microbiota and host inflammatory responsiveness to DSS. We observed limited weight loss and a decreased disease activity index score, lowered myeloperoxidase activity, and somewhat reduced damage of the intestine. The YC mixture upregulated the colon length, increased the amount and diversity of mucosa-associated microbes (enterobacteria, enterococci, and yeast), and decreased the concentration of putrefactive short-chain fatty acids in the cecal contents. It downregulated the input of cytotoxic CD3⁺CD8⁺ T cells and CD3⁺CD4⁺CD25⁺FoxP3⁺ regulatory T cells in Peyer's patches and enhanced CD3⁺CD4⁺CD25⁺ T cells in spleens and CD3⁺CD4⁺CD25⁺FoxP3⁺ cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Simultaneously, IgA antibody-forming cells were downregulated in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and enhanced in spleens (SPL). The cultures mostly enhanced the production of cytokines tested in MLN and SPL, except for IL-6, which was downregulated in MLN. Interleukin-2 and IL-4 were the most upregulated in MLN, whereas IL-10, IL-4, IL-2, IFN-γ, and tumor necrosis factor were most upregulated in SPL. In serum, the YC mixture downregulated IFN-γ and clearly increased IL-2. Based on these results, we recognize the high anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory potential of the L. bulgaricus 151 and S. thermophilus MK-10 set. The strains possess the ability to modulate the intestinal mucosal and systemic immune system toward both IgA production and induction of regulatory T cells, shifting Th1/Th2 balance.     

Increase in Escherichia coli inoculum dose accelerates CD8+ T-cell trafficking in the primiparous bovine mammary gland

Although migration of leukocytes into the mammary gland is pivotal for a cow's response against intramammary invading pathogens, the contribution of lymphocyte subsets to this response remains unclear. To investigate the dynamics of lymphocyte populations during Escherichia coli mastitis, T-lymphocyte subsets, CD4⁺/CD8⁺ ratio, CD21⁺ cells, and lymphoproliferation were studied in blood and milk of primiparous cows exposed to different quantities of bacteria. The cows were intramammarily inoculated with 10⁴ cfu of E. coli (group A) and 10⁶ cfu (group B). Compared with group A, a much greater number of lymphocytes migrated into the infected quarters at postinfection hour (PIH) 6 to 24 in group B, and the CD8⁺ cells were the first-recruited T cells in the milk. There was a significant decline in the CD4⁺/CD8⁺ ratios at PIH 6 to 24 in group B. The decrease of CD4⁺/CD8⁺ ratios at PIH 6 to 24 resulted mainly from greater CD8⁺ cell concentrations in milk. In contrast, at PIH 72, CD4⁺/CD8⁺ ratios increased about 2-fold in both groups. This increase was mainly due to the increase in CD4⁺ cell concentration. The increased concentration of CD4⁺ cells coincided with an increase in the CD21⁺ cell population in the milk. In blood, the increase of CD8⁺ cells appeared much faster in group B (PIH 6 and 12) than in group A. The results from lymphoproliferation also indicated a greater increase in the proliferative response in both blood and milk lymphocytes of group B. Our study demonstrates for the first time that an increase of E. coli inoculum dose accelerates the trafficking of CD8+ cells during initiation of E. coli mastitis, and these cells are the predominant T cells in milk during the early hours of bovine E. coli mastitis.     

磁共振加权像技术研究食品的结构特性

磁共振成像技术（MRI）因为能够在无需破坏样品的条件下获得样品组织中水分和油脂分布的空间信息，而逐渐成为一种应用在质量检测、组织结构分析等方面的有力工具。利用食品样品内部结构组织的固有特性（T1和T2），根据研究的需要，改变脉冲序列中可控制的参数，获得对比度不同的图像。以甜瓜和蛋黄月饼为研究对象，利用CPMG序列测量二者的T2值，在自旋回波（SE）中得到二者的质子密度加权像和T2加权像（T2WI）；再采用反转恢复（IR）中得到二者的T1加权像（T1WI），并根据T1加权像做组织的T1mapping，分析T1值的范围。