德国污泥处置技术的分析与研究

分析德国的污泥处置技术,旨在对我国的污泥处置方式进行改进．德国采用的污泥处理技术为：污泥消化发酵产甲烷气用于发电;消化后的污泥,利用垃圾焚烧厂烟气废热干燥,干燥的污泥颗粒作为燃料用于发电厂或水泥厂,或直接作为燃料应用于发电厂．但是,在甲烷气进入发电机前,首先必须对其采用活性炭吸附技术净化,净化后可保证含Si有机物质量分数小于0．6mg／L;不然,该物质将对发电机正常运行造成危害．研究表明,德国技术在我国的应用是可行的、实用的．     

基于可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱技术的甲烷气体监测研究

设计了一种基于可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱技术的甲烷(CH4)气体监测装置,该装置具有温度监测范围大、监测精度高和实时监测的优点。监测装置的激光光源为波长1650 nm的反馈式激光器,应用波长调谐与锁相放大器技术,对周围环境进行温度补偿与背景扣除,可以较准确地测量周围环境中CH4的体积分数。实验表明,当CH4体积分数小于1%时,该装置的监测精度为±0.02%;当CH4体积分数大于1%时,装置监测误差小于±0.8%,实时监测的最长响应时间为10 s。装置的温度范围为0~40℃,可满足大多数工业生产中对CH4等气体体积分数的监测需求。     

MWD GAMMA 测量技术在地质导向钻井中的应用

MWD GAMMA测量是MWD无线随钻仪在完成井眼井斜、方位、工具面等定向参数测量的基础上,对MWD仪器的GAMMA测量功能加以开发应用。地质人员利用测量的地层自然伽马值可以及时分析地层岩性变化,进行地层对比,为地质决策提供科学的参考。目前,该技术已在濮侧平130井和桥69-平1井得到了成功应用。     

基于ADuC834单片机的瓦斯气体检测仪的设计

介绍了一种基于ADuC834单片机的瓦斯气体检测仪硬件结构与软件设计的方法,该检测仪采用传统的黑白元件作为传感器来实现对瓦斯气体的检测,整个检测仪具有体积小、功耗低、A／D转换速率快及良好的应用前景等特点。     

微细通道内氢气辅助甲烷催化氧化的数值模拟

对微圆管内低浓度氢气、甲烷混合气在铂表面的催化氧化进行了数值模拟,重点研究了添加氢气对甲烷反应的影响机理.结果表明,氧气占据空位活性中心抑制了甲烷的吸附,导致较高的催化着火温度;氢气的掺入可以降低甲烷氧化反应的起始温度和着火温度;在铂催化剂表面,甲烷的催化氧化发生在氢气的燃烧过程中,氢气在燃烧过程中消耗氧气,为甲烷的反应提供必需的空位活性中心(Pt(s));甲烷的着火主要受其自身的激发,甲烷着火以前,壁面活性中心几乎全被氧占据,而甲烷着火以后,O(s)和Pt(s)同为主要壁面组分.     

Turbulence and combustion interaction: High resolution local flame front structure visualization using simultaneous single-shot PLIF imaging of CH, OH, and CH2O in a piloted premixed jet flame

High resolution planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) was applied to investigate the local flame front structures of turbulent premixed methane/air jet flames in order to reveal details about turbulence and flame interaction. The targeted turbulent flames were generated on a specially designed coaxial jet burner, in which low speed stoichiometric gas mixture was fed through the outer large tube to provide a laminar pilot flame for stabilization of the high speed jet flame issued through the small inner tube. By varying the inner tube flow speed and keeping the mixture composition as that of the outer tube, different flames were obtained covering both the laminar and turbulent flame regimes with different turbulent intensities. Simultaneous CH/CH₂O, and also OH PLIF images were recorded to characterize the influence of turbulence eddies on the reaction zone structure, with a spatial resolution of about 40 μm and temporal resolution of around 10 ns. Under all experimental conditions, the CH radicals were found to exist only in a thin layer; the CH₂O were found in the inner flame whereas the OH radicals were seen in the outer flame with the thin CH layer separating the OH and CH₂O layers. The outer OH layer is thick and it corresponds to the oxidation zone and post-flame zone; the CH₂O layer is thin in laminar flows; it becomes broad at high speed turbulent flow conditions. This phenomenon was analyzed using chemical kinetic calculations and eddy/flame interaction theory. It appears that under high turbulence intensity conditions, the small eddies in the preheat zone can transport species such as CH₂O from the reaction zones to the preheat zone. The CH₂O species are not consumed in the preheat zone due to the absence of H, O, and OH radicals by which CH₂O is to be oxidized. The CH radicals cannot exist in the preheat zone due to the rapid reactions of this species with O₂ and CO₂ in the inner-layer of the reaction zones. The local PLIF intensities were evaluated using an area integrated PLIF signal. Substantial increase of the CH₂O signal and decrease of CH signal was observed as the jet velocity increases. These observations raise new challenges to the current flamelet type models.     

Ni2+-Fe3+-CO2-3-LDHs亲油改性及其除油性能研究

尿素作为沉淀剂,采用均相沉淀技术制备了Ni2+-Fe3+-CO2-3-LDHs层状材料.以Ni2+-Fe3+-CO2-3-LDHs作为前驱体,分别与NaCl、十二烷基磺酸钠(CH3(CH2)11SO3Na)进行离子交换反应得到Ni2+-Fe3+-CH3(CH2)11SO-3-LDHs新型吸附剂材料,成功实现了将CH3(CH2)11SO-3负载到Ni2+-Fe3+-LDHs层状材料,对Ni2+-Fe3+-CO2-3-LDHs进行亲油改性,研究表明该改性后的材料为介孔材料,其比表面积为196.2m2/g,平均孔径为18.3nm.利用Ni2+-Fe3+-CH3(CH2)11SO-3-LDHs复合材料对含油污水进行处理,实验表明十二烷基磺酸根离子插层Ni2+-Fe3+-LDHs后的产物增强了LDHs的亲油吸附性能,其饱和吸附量为6.57μL/g.     

SO3H-功能化季铵盐离子液体催化酯交换制备生物柴油

采用两步合成法制备了4种SO3H-功能化季铵盐离子液体,红外与核磁共振光谱表征结果表明,其结构符合理论结构特点. 热稳定性分析表明,其分解温度都在200℃以上,均可作为制备生物柴油的催化剂. 将这4种离子液体用于催化制备生物柴油,其催化活性主要与其阴离子的结构有关,[n-But3N(CH2)3SO3H][CH3SO3]的催化活性最好. 甲醇:三油酸甘油酯摩尔比为12:1、催化剂用量7%(w)、在65℃下反应24 h时,油酸甲酯产率最高(89.65%). 催化剂重复使用性能良好.     

高效CdS量子点敏化B/S共掺杂纳米TiO2太阳能电池的制备及光电性能研究

采用水热法制备硼硫(B/S)共掺杂纳米二氧化钛(B-S-TiO₂), 并配制成浆料, 利用丝网印刷技术在FTO导电玻璃上制备B-S-TiO₂薄膜; 用化学浴沉积(CBD)法制备了CdS量子点敏化B-S-TiO₂薄膜电极, 并用X射线衍射(XRD)、电子显微镜(TEM)、元素分析能谱(EDS)和紫外-可见光谱对其进行表征分析; 结果显示: B/S共掺杂不会改变TiO₂的晶型, 掺杂后的TiO₂吸收边带发生明显红移, 吸收强度显著增强; 同样用化学浴沉积的方法制备NiS工作电极, 用改性的聚硫化物((CH₃)₄N)₂S/((CH₃)₄N)₂S_n)电解液, 组装CdS量子点敏化硼硫(B/S)共掺杂纳米二氧化钛(B-S-TiO₂)太阳能电池, 并测试电池光电性能。测试结果表明, 在AM1.5G的照射下, 电池的能量转化效率(η)由3.21%增大到3.69%, 提高了14.9%, 电池获得高达 (V_oc)1.218 V的开路电压和3.42 mA/cm²的短路光电流(J_sc), 以及高达88.7%的填充因子(ff)。     

焙烧温度对CO2-CH4重整制合成气NiO/γ-Al2O3催化剂性能的影响

采用水解-沉积法, 在不同焙烧温度下制备了cat-500、cat-600、cat-700和cat-800系列NiO/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂。XRD和H₂-TPR分析表明, 焙烧温度高于700 ℃, 活性组分与载体具有强烈的金属-载体相互作用(SMSI), 具体表现为活性组分前驱体以尖晶石NiAl₂O₄的形式存在。反应后催化剂的XRD、TG-DTG、TPH等表征结果表明, cat-700和cat-800试样的Ni晶粒尺寸分别为9.8和8.7 nm, 小于cat-500和cat-600试样(分别为15.7和13.6 nm), 分散性更好; 且催化剂表面积炭为丝状碳, 其不会导致催化剂失活, 但大量积累会引起床层压降升高, 影响催化剂的反应性能。cat-800试样110 h寿命试验表明, 高温焙烧制备的Ni基催化剂活性和稳定性均较高, CO₂转化率达95%左右, 失活速率仅为0.0536%/h。