A longitudinal analysis of anxiety and depressive symptoms.

The authors modeled depressive and anxiety symptom data from 1,391 participants in a longitudinal study of middle-aged and older Swedish twins (M age?=?60.9 years, SD?=?13.3). Although anxiety and depression were highly correlated, a model with distinct Anxiety and Depression factors fit the data better than models with Positive and Negative Affect factors or a single Mental Health factor. Lack of well-being was associated with anxiety rather than depression. Over two 3-year intervals, anxiety symptoms led to depressive symptoms, but the relationship was not reciprocal. Anxiety symptoms were more stable than depression. These findings provide additional support for the idea that anxiety symptoms may reflect a personality trait such as neuroticism more than do depressive symptoms and suggest that low positive affect may not be as specific to depression among older adults as in younger people. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Concreteness training reduces dysphoria: Proof-of-principle for repeated cognitive bias modification in depression.

A tendency toward abstract and overgeneral processing is a cognitive bias hypothesized to causally contribute to symptoms of depression. This hypothesis predicts that training dysphoric individuals to become more concrete and specific in their thinking would reduce depressive symptoms. To test this prediction, 60 participants with dysphoria were randomly allocated either to (a) concreteness training; (b) bogus concreteness training, matched with concreteness training for treatment rationale, experimenter contact, and treatment duration but without active engagement in concrete thinking; (c) a waiting-list, no training control. Concreteness training resulted in significantly greater decreases in depressive symptoms and significantly greater increases in concrete thinking than the waiting-list and the bogus training control, and significantly greater decreases in rumination than the waiting-list control. These findings suggest that concreteness training has potential as a guided self-help intervention for mild-to-moderate depressive symptoms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Does who you marry matter for your health? Influence of patients' and spouses' personality on their partners' psychological well-being following coronary artery bypass surgery.

Research suggests that presurgical personality attributes influence postsurgical well-being in both patients and their spouses in the context of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery. The authors hypothesized that a spouse's characteristics would influence a partner's psychological well-being, regardless of whether he or she was the patient or the caregiver. In this study, 111 male patients and their caregiver spouses completed measures of neuroticism, optimism, perceived marital satisfaction, and depression prior to elective CABG. Follow-up was conducted at 18 months. As expected, higher caregiver presurgical neuroticism predicted higher patient depressive symptoms at follow-up, with caregiver's concurrent 18-month affect controlled for. Likewise, higher patient presurgical neuroticism predicted higher caregiver depressive symptoms at follow-up. Additionally, higher patient presurgical depressive symptoms and lower presurgical optimism contributed to greater caregiving burden. Relationship satisfaction moderated these effects. These results suggest that partners' personality traits are important determinants of both patients' and their caregiving spouses' well-being. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Clinical outcomes of an integrated treatment for depression and substance use disorders.

The authors compared longitudinal treatment outcomes for depressed substance-dependent veterans (N = 206) assigned to integrated cognitive–behavioral therapy plus standard pharmacotherapy (ICBT + P) or 12-step facilitation therapy plus standard pharmacotherapy (TSF + P). Drug and alcohol involvement and depressive symptomology were measured at intake and at 3-month intervals during treatment and up to 1 year posttreatment. Participants in both treatment conditions showed decreased depression and substance use from intake. ICBT + P participants maintained improvements in substance involvement over time, whereas TSF + P participants had more rapid increases in use in the months following treatment. Decreases in depressive symptoms were more pronounced for TSF + P than ICBT + P in the 6 months posttreatment. Within both treatment groups, higher attendance was associated with improved substance use and depression outcomes over time. Initial levels of depressive symptomology had a complex predictive relationship with long-term depression outcomes. Early treatment response predicted long-term substance use outcomes for a portion of the sample. Although both treatments were associated with improvements in substance use and depression, ICBT + P may lead to more stable substance use reductions compared with TSF + P. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

松辽盆地南部梨树地区走滑-逆冲构造的成因——以小宽断裂带为例

多个构造带的复合叠加过程及其形成的地质结构是陆内构造变形研究的前沿问题。松辽盆地南部梨树断陷处于古亚洲洋构造域与太平洋构造域的交接位置,是研究这一问题的良好窗口。小宽断裂带是梨树断陷内具有代表性的构造单元,与区域内的油气藏关系密切,其地质结构和演化过程仍存在争议。研究通过开展三维地震数据解释和地震相干切片分析厘定了小宽断裂带的地质结构和演化过程;通过总结前人认识和区域大地构造演化背景分析了走滑-逆冲活动的成因机制及其油气地质意义。研究结果认为:(1)小宽断裂带整体向西倾,可分为南段、中段、北段3部分;(2)在早白垩世,小宽断裂带经历了早期伸展构造变形和末期左行走滑-逆冲构造变形,断裂带的走滑-逆冲构造活动导致梨树断陷中央构造带内形成多个背斜;(3)小宽断裂带形成于中国东北地区由古亚洲洋构造域主导向太平洋构造域主导的转换过程,受控于早白垩世晚期古太平洋板块的加速俯冲;(4)小宽断裂带走滑-逆冲构造活动所形成的背斜构造是梨树断陷中央构造带内油气富集的重要构造。小宽断裂带南段发育封闭性良好的背斜构造,生-储-盖条件较好,具有成为梨树断陷下一步勘探方向的潜力。     

基于静息态fMRI低频振幅的首发抑郁症与功能脑区关联研究

利用功能磁共振成像(Functional magnetic resonance imaging, fMRI)技术,研究静息态下首发抑郁症患者脑功能的改变。 采用Siemens3.0T磁共振仪对5名首发抑郁症患者和1名性别年龄相仿的正常对照志愿者进行 静息态fMRI采集,采用低频振幅（Amplitude of low frequency fluctuation, ALFF）的 方 法分析数据,进行双样本t检验后分析静息态脑功能的差异。结果发现,抑郁症组大脑 左侧小脑6区、左侧颞下回、双侧尾状核、右侧舌回、左侧眶部额上回、右侧中央沟盖、右 侧前扣带和旁扣带脑回、右侧额中回、右侧岛盖部额下回、右侧补充运动区、左侧顶上回、 右侧中央后回、右侧背外侧额上回ALFF降低。首发抑郁症患者大脑的额叶、颞叶、扣带回及 尾状核等位置存在功能异常,这些区域的异常与情绪、认知、记忆等领域有关,与抑郁症息 息相关。     

NLRP3 Inflammasome: From Pathophysiology to Therapeutic Target in Major Depressive Disorder

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a highly prevalent psychiatric disorder, whose pathophysiology has been linked to the neuroinflammatory process. The increased activity of the Nod-like receptor pyrin containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, an intracellular multiprotein complex, is intrinsically implicated in neuroinflammation by promoting the maturation and release of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18. Interestingly, individuals suffering from MDD have higher expression of NLRP3 inflammasome components and proinflammatory cytokines when compared to healthy individuals. In part, intense activation of the inflammasome may be related to autophagic impairment. Noteworthy, some conventional antidepressants induce autophagy, resulting in less activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. In addition, the fast-acting antidepressant ketamine, some bioactive compounds and physical exercise have also been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties via inflammasome inhibition. Therefore, it is suggested that modulation of inflammasome-driven pathways may have an antidepressant effect. Here, we review the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the pathogenesis of MDD, highlighting that pathways related to its priming and activation are potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of MDD.     

Modulation of Muscarinic Signalling in the Central Nervous System by Steroid Hormones and Neurosteroids

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors expressed in the central nervous system mediate various functions, including cognition, memory, or reward. Therefore, muscarinic receptors represent potential pharmacological targets for various diseases and conditions, such as Alzheimer’s disease, schizophrenia, addiction, epilepsy, or depression. Muscarinic receptors are allosterically modulated by neurosteroids and steroid hormones at physiologically relevant concentrations. In this review, we focus on the modulation of muscarinic receptors by neurosteroids and steroid hormones in the context of diseases and disorders of the central nervous system. Further, we propose the potential use of neuroactive steroids in the development of pharmacotherapeutics for these diseases and conditions.     

SLM成形钛合金薄壁结构边缘挂渣及中心凹陷研究

目的 探讨激光功率和扫描速度对选区激光熔化(Selective Laser Melting,SLM)成形钛合金Ti-6Al-4V薄壁结构边缘挂渣及尺寸精度的影响规律,分析薄壁中心凹陷的主要原因。方法 设计两因素三水平试验,对比不同工艺参数下成形薄壁上表面微观形貌及壁厚,提出影响薄壁边缘挂渣和中心凹陷的机理,并得到较优的成形工艺参数。结果 挂渣现象对薄壁尺寸精度的影响较大,薄壁的厚度越小,影响越大。当薄壁厚度达到2 mm时,边缘挂渣区域厚度明显减小。相较于扫描速度,激光功率对挂渣区域厚度的影响更大。采用低激光功率、较高扫描速度有助于减小挂渣区域厚度。激光能量密度越大,SLM成形薄壁尺寸误差越大,二者存在三次非线性关系。结论 在低激光功率对应的低能量密度下,成形薄壁尺寸误差较小,当能量密度为44.44 J/mm³时,薄壁获得了最小壁厚(529.37 mm)。试验获得的成形薄壁结构误差最小的工艺参数为P=200 W,v=900 mm/s,h=50 mm。SLM成形过程中的勾边扫描策略及残余应力导致的翘曲变形是造成薄壁中心凹陷的主要原因。     

单相可控电抗器的一种谐波抑制原理及实现

新型单相可控电抗器近年来在电气化铁路动态无功补偿、自动调谐消弧线圈等方面得到了应用。减小单相应用条件下可控饱和类电抗器产生的谐波颇为困难，通常采用LC并联滤波装置，但效果不甚理想。该文提出单相应用条件下，可控电抗器的一种谐波抑帛方法，该方法将两组工作于不同电磁参数的单相可控电抗器并联，通过实施协调控制，可使每个并联单元（可控电抗器）所产生的谐波相经补偿，从而单相并联电抗器组的谐波水平大大降低。理论分析和实验结果证明了上述方法的有效性和可行性。