How would theory of mind play a role in comprehending art?

The way theory of mind takes part in comprehension of art is examined in this article. Because theory of mind and understanding of artwork involves some symbolic competency, the link between comprehending art (i.e., drawing, painting, sculpture, and music) and theory of mind is explained through symbolism. To understand a piece of symbolic artwork, it is necessary for a child to be able to hold both the real, what is immediately seen or perceived (namely, the symbols) from an artwork, and the represented, what the symbols refer to. This resembles the acquisition of theory of mind which requires the understanding that appearance may correspond to something else. The relationship between the comprehension of art and the theory of mind is also examined from different perspectives such as relativism. Suggestions are made for early childhood teachers regarding how art can be used to improve children’s theory of mind.     

The Need for International Nursing Diagnosis Research and a Theoretical Framework

PURPOSE: To describe the need for nursing diagnosis research and a theoretical framework for such research. DATA SOURCES: A linguistics theory served as the foundation for the theoretical framework. DATA SYNTHESIS: Reasons for additional nursing diagnosis research are: (a) file names are needed for implementation of electronic health records, (b) international consensus is needed for an international classification, and (c) continuous changes occur in clinical practice. A theoretical framework used by the author is explained. CONCLUSIONS: Theoretical frameworks provide support for nursing diagnosis research. Linguistics theory served as an appropriate exemplar theory to support nursing research. IMPLICATION: Additional nursing diagnosis studies based upon a theoretical framework are needed and linguistics theory can provide an appropriate structure for this research.     

Causal modeling of panic disorder theories

We compare a variety of theories of panic disorder using a neutral framework: causal modeling. The framework requires identification of key constructs and specification of their interaction. Biological, cognitive, and behavioral elements of the theory have to be clearly distinguished, as do critical past events and current trigger conditions. The theories compared were drawn from the psycho-dynamic, cognitive, and neurobiological literature. We conclude that there are substantive differences among the cognitive theories and between the biological theories reviewed. However, cognitive and biological theories appear to be compatible in principle. It is not clear whether substantive differences among theories are due to the existence of subtypes of PD or due to the predominance of multifactorial cause. It is argued that current treatment methods imply particular theories, and that particular patterns of success and failure can be understood in relation to theory through the methods we have employed.     

Negative Life Events Predict Negative Feedback Seeking as a Function of Impact on Self-Esteem

Self-views have been framed as a driving force behind feedback seeking. Self-esteem and feedback seeking were assessed among college students at two independent times. Participants who experienced negative life events between Time 1 and Time 2 were more likely to experience a drop in self-esteem. Changes in self-esteem led to changes in the valence of feedback seeking (i.e., more positive or negative). The reverse process was not detected. That is, changes in the valence of feedback seeking did not lead to changes in self-esteem. A replication study was conducted, and the same pattern of findings emerged. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed.     

《伤寒杂病论》中对咳喘的治法、用药浅述

咳喘为临床常见症状,不同病机治法不一,用药亦不尽相同。笔者从《伤寒杂病论》中找寻其治法及用药特点,并从解表散寒,宣降肺气、化痰祛饮、清泻热邪,祛瘀排脓、扶助正气四个方面进行论述,以期同道指正、并对临床有所启发。     

Meal procedures in institutions for elderly people: a theoretical interpretation

In a study of mealtimes in institutions for elderly people the organization of meals was found to be task-oriented rather than patient-oriented in ways which failed to meet the needs of patients. The aim of the current paper is to examine and explain the institutional organization of meals, drawing on Goffmans' theory of institutionalized culture, Elias' theory of civilization, Douglas' theory of purity and order, and Bourdieus' key-concept 'habitus'. The method entails a secondary analysis of previous research carried out in a rehabilitation and long-term hospital. This second analysis indicates that elderly patients coming to the ward with their individual meal customs were met by caregivers with an institutionalized culture. Meals in the ward were organized in line with the organization of family meals in society, and both the elderly people and the nurses strove towards civilized manners, purity and order. The demands implicit in these cultural practices kept the elderly patients silent. By failing into line, they suffered from their loss of habitus. In contrast nurses' habitus was accomplished by carrying out procedures automatically. Consequently, the combination of patients' lost habitus and nurses' working habitus resulted in defective nursing, where the purpose of nursing is the fulfilment of patients' social, personal and material needs.     

明清诸名医对脾胃学说发展之概略

明清时期，脾胃学说在理论与实践上均有重大发展。除温病学派、温补学派外，尚有不少名医家，如戴思恭、缪希壅、龚延贤、李用粹、傅青主、唐容川等都对脾胃学说有进一步发展。