Apparently increased trough levels of tacrolimus caused by acute infantile diarrhea in two infants with biliary atresia after liver transplantation

Two infants with biliary atresia who exhibited three-fold increased trough levels of tacrolimus and required reduced doses during episodes of acute infantile diarrhea within 5 months of liver transplantation are described. The cause of the increase was not explained simply by hemoconcentration as a result of significant loss of extracellular fluid during these episodes. It does highlight an important issue: that of the continuing need to carefully monitor the trough levels of tacrolimus in such infants.     

己酮可可碱预处理对大鼠供肝冷缺血损伤影响的实验研究

目的　探讨已酮可可碱预处理供者及肝脏对供肝冷缺血损伤的影响。方法　Wistar大鼠按处理方法的不同分为 4组 :对照组、供者预处理组 (实验 1组 )、供肝预处理组 (实验 2组 )、供者及供肝联合预处理组 (实验 3组 ) ,预处理使用己酮可可碱。各组动物均在供肝冷保存 6h后行原位肝移植 ,门静脉血流恢复后第 30min、3h及 2 4h取门静脉血测定肿瘤坏死因子 (TNF α)、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶 (AST)及谷胱甘肽S转移酶 (GST)的水平。结果　门静脉复流后 30min、3h时血清TNF α水平 ,各实验组明显低于对照组 ,实验 3组显著低于实验 1组及实验 2组 (P <0 .0 5) ;30min及 3h时血清GST水平 ,各实验组明显低于对照组 (P <0 .0 5) ,实验 3组显著低于实验 1组及实验 2组 (P <0 .0 5) ;30min及 3h时血清ALT水平 ,各实验组明显低于对照组 ,实验 3组显著低于实验1组及实验 2组 (P <0 .0 5) ;2 4h时前述各指标各实验组明显低于对照组 ,实验 3组显著低于实验 2组 (P <0 .0 5) ;30min时血清AST水平 ,各实验组明显低于对照组 ,实验 3组显著低于实验 1组及实验 2组 (P <0 .0 5)。结论　己酮可可碱预处理对供肝的冷缺血再灌注损伤有一定的保护作用     

肾移植术后肺部感染的诊断与治疗

目的探讨肾移植术后肺部感染的诊断与治疗。方法对21例肾移植术后肺部感染的病原体及其致病特点、诊断、治疗等临床资料进行分析。结果21例肾移植术后肺部感染患者中单纯细菌感染6例(28.57%),真菌感染2例(9.52%),巨细胞病毒(CMV)感染2例(9.52%),结核菌感染1例(4.76%),混合感染9例(42.86%),病原体不清1例。2例予以呼吸机辅助治疗。19例治愈,治愈率为90.48%,2例直接死于肺部感染。结论肾移植术后肺部感染患者应早期行病原学诊断,积极有效抗感染,及时调整免疫抑制方案。     

白细胞介素-18基因修饰的胎肝细胞经脾移植对小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的：观察表达mIL-18的重组腺病毒基因修饰的胎肝细胞（AdmIL-18/BNL.CL2)经脾移植对正常小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法：实验组小鼠经脾移植AdmIL-18/BNL.CL2，同时设LacZ病毒对照组（Ad-LacZ/BNL.CL2),BNL.CL2细胞对照组及空白对照组。2周后处死，留取血清，制备腹腔巨噬细胞、脾淋巴细胞、肝组织匀浆液，提取肝组织总RNA。采用ELISA法检测各组小鼠血清、腹腔Mφ和脾细胞培养上清、肝匀浆中细胞因子的含量；采用半定量RT－PCR法，检测肝组织细胞因子mRNA相对表达量；以LDH释放法测定腹腔Mφ杀伤活性和脾NK细胞活性，用MTT还原比色法测定脾淋巴细胞的增殖活性。结果：实验组小鼠血清、细胞培养上清及肝匀浆中，IL－18、IL－2、IFN－γ、TNF-α稔均高于其它对照组，而IL－4、IL－10水平则低于对照组；半定量RT－PCR结果与ELISA检测结果一致；同时，实验组腹腔Mφ的杀伤活性和脾NK细胞活性，及脾淋巴细胞增殖活性也明显高于对照组。结论：AdmIL-18能有效转染至胎肝细胞并稳定表达mIL-18;AdmIL-18基因修饰的胎肝细胞经脾移植后，可显著提高肝脏、脾脏免疫细胞活性，活化腹腔Mφ，促进Th1类细胞因子表达，抑制Th2类细胞因子的分泌。     

同种原位肝移植围手术期的处理

目的 总结我院自1999年8月以来,开展的3例同种异体原位肝移植（Orthotopic livertransplantation,OLT）围手术期的处理过程及经验体会。方法　2例原位肝移植、1例肝-肾联合移植术。均在术前12h口服环孢霉素A（CsA）和骁悉（MAP）,术中用甲基强的松龙（MP）1000 mg静脉冲击防止排斥,术后MP+CsA+MAP三联用药。结果 ①文中3例病人手术均获成功,其中2例原位肝移植病人存活至今,生活质量良好。肝肾联合移植病人于术后第76d死于严重混合感染。②移植肝的功能维护是肝移植术后处理的重点,其中包括急性排斥反应的诊断和处理,以及其它可能引起肝移植肝功能损害、衰竭等问题的处理。③全身非移植器官的功能恢复:包括呼吸系统、感染、出血、胸水、腹水等并发症的处理过程。结论 肝移植围手术期的处理是肝移植成功与否的关键,其中包括肝移植的排斥反应及各系统的功能支持与维护。     

彩超对肾移植术后并发肝脏恶性肿瘤的监测

目的　探讨彩超在肾移植术后并发肝脏恶性肿瘤监测中的应用价值。　方法　应用 Acuson12 8XP彩色多普勒超声诊断仪 ,对在我院行异体肾移植手术的终末期尿毒症患者 12 0 0例进行规律随访。　结果　发现 17例恶性肿瘤 ,其中肝癌 7例 ,占 4 1.17%。 5例肿块单发 ,2例多发 ;肿块最大 10 cm× 10 cm,最小 2 .3cm× 2 .1cm。其中 6例手术病理证实 ,1例肝活检证实。　结论　对移植肾术后患者 ,首选彩超随访肝脏变化 ,能早期发现肿瘤 ,为临床选择治疗方案提供时机 ,并提高换肾后发生恶性肿瘤患者的存活率     

大鼠异位辅助性肝移植模型建立

目的 建立大鼠异位辅助性肝移植模型。方法 根据Yu Weiming介绍的方法经以简化建立大鼠异位辅助性肝移植模型。阐明手术操作技巧和术前术后处理等因素对肝移植大鼠的成活率的影响。结果 在30例异位辅助性肝移植大鼠中，供肝热缺血时间为1-2min，安装袖套时间约为4min，肝下腔静脉吻合时间为12min，供肝冷缺血时间为30min,1wk存活率为80%（n=30)。结论 成功复制大鼠辅助性肝移植模型。同时，大鼠的质量，术前状态和精细的手术操作及管理是决定大鼠异位辅助性肝移植成败的关键因素。     

自体大隐静脉移植治疗周围血管损伤22例分析

目的：探讨周围血管损伤自全大隐静脉移植治疗的方法。适应证和治疗效果。方法：回顾性分析22例周围血管损伤自体大隐静脉移植治疗的临床资料，并阐述了术中注意事项，提出最佳手术时机及预后情况。结果：22例均采用自体大隐静脉移植，痊愈19例（86.4%)。截肢3例（13.6%），22例患者无死亡，随访2-9年，20例肢体功能恢复满意，2例移植段狭窄，但肢体功能良好。结论：自体大隐静脉移植是治疗周围血管损伤行之有效的方法之一。血管吻合的时间应在24h以内，最佳为8h以内。     

Ischemic rat brain extracts induce human marrow stromal cell growth factor production

Intravenous administration of human bone marrow stromal cells (hMSCs) after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) in rats provides functional benefit. We tested the hypothesis that these functional benefits are derived in part from hMSC production of growth and trophic factors. Quantitative sandwich enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of hMSCs cultured with normal and MCAo brain extracts were performed. hMSCs cultured in supernatant derived from ischemic brain extracts increased production of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). These neurotrophins and angiogenic growth factors increased in a post‐ischemia time‐dependent manner. The hMSC capacity to increase expression of growth and trophic factors may be the key to the benefit provided by transplanted hMSCs in the ischemic brain.     

De-novo expression of vascular ecto-5′-nucleotidase and down-regulation of glomerular ecto-ATPase in experimental chronic renal transplant failure

Ischemic injury plays an important role in chronic renal transplant failure (CRTF). Down-regulation of ecto-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) in combination with up-regulation of ecto-5'-nucleotidase is a hallmark of ischemic injury. We studied the expression of renal ecto-5'-nucleotidase and ecto-ATPase in experimental renal transplantation. Fisher 344-to-Lewis allografted rats were either treated with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi) or left untreated. Lewis-to-Lewis syngrafted rats served as controls. Untreated allografted rats developed proteinuria, glomerulosclerosis, and mild intimal hyperplasia. ACEi completely prevented focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (FGS) and proteinuria, but significantly enhanced intimal hyperplasia. Untreated allografted rats revealed marked vascular ecto-5'-nucleotidase activity, which increased with ACEi. Vascular ecto-5'-nucleotidase activity was absent in syngrafted animals. Ecto-5'-nucleotidase activity correlated well with intimal hyperplasia. Glomerular ecto-ATPase expression was significantly reduced in untreated allografted rats compared to syngrafted rats and correlated well with the extent of FGS. ACEi prevented reduction in glomerular ecto-ATPase. We found de-novo expression of ecto-5'-nucleotidase at sites of renal intimal hyperplasia. Glomerular ecto-ATPase expression was markedly reduced in allografted rats and was prevented by ACEi. These enzyme expression patterns suggest local ischemic damage in experimental CRTF.