疾病以及配伍对人参皂苷在大鼠体内的药动学影响

目的 建立SD大鼠血浆中人参皂苷Rb1、Rb2和Rg1的HPLC分析方法,对比分析配伍白术挥发油前后,人参皂苷在慢性萎缩性胃炎模型大鼠体内药动学特征。方法 SD大鼠分为4组,其中单用正常组和单用模型组均给药人参总皂苷292 mg·kg^-1,配伍正常组和配伍模型组均给药人参总皂苷292 mg·kg^-1和白术挥发油0.1 mL·kg^-1。于给药前和给药后不同时间点进行眼眶取血,采用HPLC测定各成分的血药浓度,并采用Winnolin 6.3软件计算其药动学参数。结果 与单用正常大鼠比较,单用模型组大鼠体内人参皂苷Rb1的C_max和AUC值降低,T_max、T_1/2以及MRT增加,人参皂苷Rb2和Rg1则呈现出AUC增加的变化;而配伍正常组大鼠体内人参皂苷Rb1、Rb2和Rg1的C_max和AUC值均增加,T_max、T_1/2以及MRT值均缩短。与单用模型组大鼠比较,配伍模型组大鼠体内人参皂苷Rb1和Rg1的C_max和AUC值均增加,T_max、T_1/2以及MRT值均降低。结论 在相同给药剂量下,疾病状态机体对人参皂苷的吸收和代谢呈现缓慢趋势,而配伍后能促进皂苷成分在体内的吸收,同时加快代谢消除,为人参的临床用药提供参考依据。     

人参皂甙Rg3对糖尿病肾病大鼠肾组织Bax和B淋巴细胞瘤-2蛋白表达及肾细胞凋亡的影响

目的探讨糖尿病肾病(diabetic nephropathy,DN)大鼠应用人参皂甙Rg3处理后肾组织Bax、B淋巴细胞瘤-2(B-cell lymphoma-2,Bcl-2)蛋白表达变化及肾细胞凋亡情况。方法120只雄性SD大鼠,随机分为模型组、治疗组和对照组各40只。模型组、治疗组腹腔注射质量分数2%链尿佐菌素溶液制备DN模型,对照组腹腔注射等量生理盐水。造模成功后,治疗组将0.5 mg/kg人参皂甙Rg3与生理盐水混合溶液灌胃,模型组、对照组大鼠给予等量生理盐水灌胃,均1次/d,连续28 d。疗程结束后大鼠麻醉处死,取肾组织行病理检查,采用TUNEL法检测肾组织细胞凋亡,Western blot法检测肾组织Bax、Bcl-2蛋白相对表达量,实时荧光定量PCR法检测肾组织Bax mRNA、Bcl-2 mRNA相对表达量。结果对照组大鼠肾组织系膜结构、肾小管均正常,小管膜完整光滑,间质未增生;模型组大鼠肾组织系膜结构异常,间质严重增生,肾小管萎缩严重,小管膜粗糙;与模型组比较,治疗组大鼠肾组织系膜细胞增生减轻,肾小管萎缩减少,纤维组织减少;模型组、治疗组、对照组大鼠肾细胞凋亡率[(0.91±0.23)%、(0.56±0.14)%、(0.21±0.03)%]依次降低(P<0.05);模型组、治疗组、对照组肾组织Bax蛋白相对表达量(1.79±0.31、2.73±0.24、3.26±0.12)、Bcl-2蛋白相对表达量(1.42±0.12、2.59±0.25、4.40±0.31)、Bax mRNA相对表达量(0.35±0.02、1.45±0.91、3.12±1.17)、Bcl-2 mRNA相对表达量(1.34±0.87、1.73±0.67、3.91±0.75)依次增高(P<0.05)。结论人参皂甙Rg3对DN大鼠有显著治疗作用,可明显改善大鼠肾组织形态,降低肾细胞凋亡率,上调Bax、Bcl-2表达。     

自身免疫溶血性贫血患者ABO及Rh血型鉴定

目的:研究自身免疫溶血性贫血(AIHA)患者自身抗体对ABO及Rh血型定型的干扰.方法:选取28例AIHA患者(直接抗球蛋白试验阳性),采用常规血型血清学技术测定ABO及Rh血型.对正反定型不符者进行氯喹放散后再行ABO、Rh血型鉴定.对抗体筛选阳性者行抗体特异性鉴定.结果:28例中10例ABO定型受干扰,多为间接抗球蛋白试验阳性者及正反定型不合者.28例中Rh表型定型中20例阴性误定为阳性,采用氯喹放散试验后血型皆正确判定,5例血清中含同种抗体,4例自身抗体具有血型特异性.结论:AIHA患者自身抗体干扰ABO、Rh血型鉴定.     

Doxorubicin‐induced normal breast epithelial cellular aging and its related breast cancer growth through mitochondrial autophagy and oxidative stress mitigated by ginsenoside Rh2

Clinical dose of doxorubicin (100 nM) induced cellular senescence and various secretory phenotypes in breast cancer and normal epithelial cells. Herein, we reported the detailed mechanism underlying ginsenoside Rh2‐mediated NF‐κB inhibition, and mitophagy promotion were evaluated by antibody array assay, western blotting analysis, and immunocytostaining. Ginsenoside Rh2 suppressed the protein levels of TRAF6, p62, phosphorylated IKK, and IκB, which consequently inactivated NF‐κB activity. Rh2‐mediated secretory phenotype was delineated by the suppressed IL‐8 secretion. Senescent epithelial cells showed increased level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which was significantly abrogated by Rh2, with upregulation on SIRT 3 and SIRT 5 and subsequent increase in SOD1 and SOD2. Rh2 remarkably favored mitophagy by the increased expressions of PINK1 and Parkin and decreased level of PGC‐1α. A decreased secretion of IL‐8 challenged by mitophagy inhibitor Mdivi‐1 with an NF‐κB luciferase system was confirmed. Importantly, secretory senescent epithelial cells promoted the breast cancer (MCF‐7) proliferation while decreased the survival of normal epithelial cells demonstrated by co‐culture system, which was remarkably alleviated by ginsenoside Rh2 treatment. These data included ginsenoside Rh2 regulated ROS and mitochondrial autophagy, which were in large part attributed to secretory phenotype of senescent breast epithelial cells induced by doxorubicin. These findings also suggested that ginsenoside Rh2 is a potential treatment candidate for the attenuation of aging related disease.     

老龄大鼠内侧隔核TrkB mRNA的表达及人参皂甙的保护作用

目的:探讨人参皂甙对老龄大鼠内侧隔核TrkB mRNA表达的影响,为老年记忆减退性疾病的发病机制及人参皂甙的临床应用提供分子生物学基础。方法:选用Wistar大鼠,分成青年组、老龄组、给药组,采用原位杂交组织化学方法检测大鼠内侧隔核TrkB mRNA含量的变化情况。结果:老龄组内侧隔核TrkB mRNA阳性反应物的平均灰度值与青年组相比呈非常显著增高,而给药组的平均灰度值比老龄组呈显著降低。结论:老龄时内侧隔核TrkB mRNA表达低于青年组,而给药组较老龄组明显增加。说明人参皂甙具有增强TrkB mRNA表达,防止中枢神经系统神经元退行性改变的作用。     

Drosophila ammonium transporter Rh50 is required for integrity of larval muscles and neuromuscular system

Rhesus glycoproteins (Rh50) have been shown to be ammonia transporters in many species from bacteria to human. They are involved in various physiological processes including acid excretion and pH regulation. Rh50 proteins can also provide a structural link between the cytoskeleton and the plasma membranes that maintain cellular integrity. Although ammonia plays essential roles in the nervous system, in particular at glutamatergic synapses, a potential role for Rh50 proteins at synapses has not yet been investigated. To better understand the function of these proteins in vivo, we studied the unique Rh50 gene of Drosophila melanogaster, which encodes two isoforms, Rh50A and Rh50BC. We found that Drosophila Rh50A is expressed in larval muscles and enriched in the postsynaptic regions of the glutamatergic neuromuscular junctions. Rh50 inactivation by RNA interference selectively in muscle cells caused muscular atrophy in larval stages and pupal lethality. Interestingly, Rh50-deficiency in muscles specifically increased glutamate receptor subunit IIA (GluRIIA) level and the frequency of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic potentials. Our work therefore highlights a new role for Rh50 proteins in the maintenance of Drosophila muscle architecture and synaptic physiology, which could be conserved in other species.     

人参皂苷Rh2通过Egr-1/TRL4/mTOR信号通路抑制食管癌细胞Eca-109增殖、迁移和EMT

目的:研究人参皂苷Rh2对食管癌细胞Eca-109增殖、迁移和上皮间质转化（epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT）的作用以及作用机制。方法:CCK-8法检测人参皂苷Rh2对食管癌细胞Eca-109增殖的影响;细胞划痕实验检测人参皂苷Rh2对食管癌Eca-109细胞迁移的影响;Western blot检测EMT相关蛋白E-cadherin、Vimentin和Slug的蛋白表达水平。结果:人参皂苷Rh2能够显著抑制Eca-109细胞的增殖,且呈剂量依赖性;此外,人参皂苷Rh2显著抑制E-cadherin、Vimentin和Slug的蛋白表达,并抑制Eca-109细胞迁移;人参皂苷Rh2显著抑制Egr-1、TRL4和mTOR的蛋白表达;进一步的研究结果表明人参皂苷Rh2通过抑制Egr-1/TRL4/mTOR信号通路抑制食管癌细胞Eca-109增殖、迁移和EMT。结论:人参皂苷Rh2能够抑制食管癌细胞Eca-109的增殖、迁移和EMT,其作用机制是通过介导Egr-1/TRL4/mTOR信号通路来实现的。这一结果能够为治疗食管癌的进一步研究提供分子基础。     

Ginsenoside Rd ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in C57BL/6 mice

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common disabling autoimmune disease without an effective treatment in young adults. Ginsenoside Rd, extracted from Panax notoginseng, has multiple pharmacological effects and potential therapeutic applications in diseases of the central nervous system. In this study, we explore the efficacy of ginsenoside Rd in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an established model of MS. EAE was induced by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35–55‐amino‐acid peptide. Ginsenoside Rd (10–80 mg/kg/day) or vehicle was intraperitoneally administered on the disease onset day, and the therapy persisted throughout the experiments. The dose of 40 mg/kg/day of ginsenoside Rd was selected as optimal. Ginsenoside Rd effectively ameliorated the clinical severity in EAE mice, reduced the permeability of the blood–brain barrier, regulated the secretion of interferon‐gamma and interleukin‐4, promoted the Th2 shift in vivo (cerebral cortex) and in vitro (splenocytes culture supernatants), and prevented the reduction in expression of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor in both cerebral cortex and lumbar spinal cord of EAE mice. This study establishes the potency of ginsenoside Rd in inhibiting the clinical course of EAE. These findings suggest that ginsenoside Rd could be a promising agent for amelioration of neuroimmune dysfunction diseases such as MS. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

人参单体皂甙Rh2对非小细胞肺癌患者肺泡巨噬细胞免疫活性的影响

目的:探讨人参单体皂甙Rh2(G-Rh2)对非小细胞肺癌患者肺泡巨噬细胞(AM)分泌细胞毒效应分子的影响.方法:采用ELISA法和酶法分别检测35例非小细胞肺癌患者支气管肺泡灌洗液及其AM培养上清液中肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)和NO浓度,并分别用干扰素-α(IFN-α)、G-Rh2以及两药联合干预AM培养,检测其上清液中TNF-α和NO变化情况.结果:所有非小细胞肺癌患者其AM均可产生一定量的TNF-α和NO;非小细胞肺癌患者荷瘤侧肺NO和TNF-α活性在肺泡灌洗液及AM培养上清液中均明显低于非荷瘤侧肺.G-Rh2干预下AM培养上清液中TNF-α和NO的浓度较对照组明显升高(P＜0.05);与TNF-α干预AM培养上清液中TNF-α和NO的浓度比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).G-Rh2和TNF-α联合干预时AM培养上清液中TNF-α和NO的浓度明显大于TNF-α或G-Rh2单独干预(P＜0.01).结论:G-Rh2能促进非小细胞肺癌患者肺泡巨噬细胞分泌细胞毒效应分子,联合干扰素时其作用更显著,两者具有协同性.     

RhC、c、E、e抗原在输血相容性中的意义

目的研究C、c、E、e抗原在人群中的分布规律及其在输血相容性中的意义。方法分别采用PCR-SSP基因分型以及血清学方法,对152例样本进行Rh D、C、c、E和e分型,并采用抗人球蛋白法对本地区的输血人群进行抗体筛查和鉴定。结果 C、c、E、e抗原在中国人群中呈多态性分布,而且在RhD阳性和阴性人群中的分布差异存在统计学意义;在阳性人群中主要以c抗原阴性率62.5%(50/80),E抗原阴性率67.5%(54/80)为多态性的特征;在阴性人群中,C抗原阴性率为59.7%(43/72),c抗原阴性率为2.7%(2/72),E抗原阴性率为93.1%(67/72),e抗原阴性率为0;在检出32例同种抗体中,Rh血型系统26例,占81.25%,其中抗-E 18例、抗-D 5例,抗-cE 2例、抗-c 1例。结论在ABO、RhD同型输血实施后,应着力解决Rh系统其他抗原,特别是E、c抗原随机输注产生免疫性抗体的问题。