HPLC测定血塞通肠溶滴丸人参皂苷Rg1、人参皂苷Rb1、三七皂苷R1的含量

目的:研究血塞通肠溶滴丸中人参皂苷Rg1、人参皂苷Rb1、三七皂苷R1的含量测定方法。方法:采用HPLC法测定人参皂苷Rg1、人参皂苷Rg1、三七皂苷R1的含量。结果:人参皂苷Rg1、人参皂苷Rb1、三七皂苷R1三者的平均加样回收率分别为100.35%、102.01%、100.13%;RSD分别为1.34%、1.48%、1.78%,n=6。结论:该方法简便,灵敏,重现性好,可作为血塞通肠溶滴丸中人参皂苷Rg1、人参皂苷Rb1、三七皂苷R1的含量测定方法。     

原人参二醇类皂苷(PPD)在酶反应中转化动态及其产物稀有皂苷的制备

目的为了生物转化低成本制备人参稀有皂苷,利用Aspergillus g.848菌的粗酶与市售的原人参二醇类皂苷(PPD)混合皂苷反应,制备人参稀有皂苷C-K、C-Mc、F_2单体和4种异构体的Rh2组皂苷。方法酶与PPD皂苷反应,生成稀有皂苷;用HPLC法测定PPD皂苷原料和产物皂苷的组成,用硅胶柱法分离产物中的单体皂苷,用NMR法确认产物单体皂苷结构;用UPLC-MS法确认产物Rh2组。结果原料PPD中含有人参皂苷Rb_1、Rd、Rb_2、Rc和4种异构体的人参皂苷Rg3组;酶反应时,若生产以F_2为主的皂苷时,最佳反应时间为1.5~2.0h;若生产以C-K为主的皂苷时,反应时间为24.0~30.0h;若生产以Rh2组为主的皂苷时,反应6.0~12.0h时,Rg_3组产量低而Rh_2组产量高。以C-K为主的皂苷生产中,从30 g的PPD皂苷酶反应得到20 g产物,经硅胶柱分离,得到8.16 g的C-K、1.01 g的C-Mc、0.45 g的F_2单体和0.19 g的Rh_2组皂苷,并以NMR和UPLC-MS法核对了其结构。结论 PPD皂苷经酶转化成功地制备了高活性C-K、C-Mc、F_2和Rh_2组皂苷。     

Rh缺失型D--个体及其家系成员基因分型与序列分析

目的初步探讨Rh缺失型D--个体发生的分子机制。方法采用序列特异性引物聚合酶链反应(PCR-SSP),对两例Rh缺失型D--个体及其家系成员RHD与RHCE基因多个外显子与内含子进行扩增。根据PCR-SSP结果,对所有与血清学表型不符的异常扩增片段进行克隆测序。结果两例Rh缺失型D--个体PCR-SSP扩增后获得D、e的基因相关片段。经测序发现,RhD--个体1第5外显子第22位核苷酸出现缺失,48与90位发生点突变。RhD--个体2第5外显子第89位发生突变。结论Rh基因外显子的缺失以及单个核苷酸的缺失与突变可能是导致Rh缺失型DD--形成的重要原因之一。     

人参皂苷Rh2抑制肝癌HepG2细胞迁移的实验研究

目的:研究人参皂苷Rh2对肝癌Hep G2细胞迁移的影响及其机制。方法:取对数生长期Hep G2细胞,Rh2(10~160μmol/L)诱导,同时设空白对照组,用CCK-8检测Rh2对细胞增殖影响;Transwell检测Rh2对细胞的迁移的影响;荧光素报告基因筛选可能的信号通路;Western blot检测Hep G2细胞中P-ERK、ERK、P-P38、P-38、P-JUK、JUK、MMP3等蛋白的表达;定量PCR方法检测AP1、MMP3基因的表达;荧光显微镜分别观察AP1、MMP3蛋白在细胞内的表达及分布。结果:CCK-8检测结果显示Rh2对肝癌Hep G2细胞生长抑制呈剂量和时间依赖性;Transwell检测显示Rh2对肝癌Hep G2细胞迁移有明显的抑制作用;荧光素报告基因筛选出AP1转录因子;Western blot检测结果显示P-ERK、MMP3蛋白表达水平呈下降趋势,PJUK、P-P38蛋白表达水平明显升高,ERK、JUK、P38蛋白则无明显变化;定量PCR方法结果显示:AP1、MMP3的基因表达下降。荧光结果显示:AP1、MMP3均分布在胞质内,随药物浓度的增加其荧光表达量减弱。结论:人参皂苷Rh2可通过激活MAPK通路来抑制肝癌Hep G2细胞的迁移。     

人参皂苷Rg1抑制PGF_(2α)诱导心肌细胞肥大

目的观察人参皂苷Rg1(ginsenoside Rg1,Rg1)对前列腺素F2α(prostaglandin F2α,PGF2α)所致心肌肥大的影响。方法利用培养的新生大鼠心肌细胞,以细胞直径、蛋白含量?心房利钠因子(atrial natriuretic factor,ANF)mRNA的表达为心肌肥大标志,观察药物的抗心肌肥大效应。AN-FmRNA的表达用Real-time PCR检测;用Fura-2/AM负载的培养心肌细胞检测细胞内游离钙浓度([Ca2+]i);一氧化氮试剂盒测定细胞上清液中一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)代谢物的含量,以探讨Rg1可能的作用机制。结果PGF2α0.1μmol·L-1使心肌细胞直径明显增大,蛋白质含量明显增加,ANF mRNA的表达增强,并使[Ca2+]i明显升高。Rg115.6、31.2和62.4μmol·L-1使经PGF2α处理的心肌细胞的直径分别缩短18.4%、32.7%和43.8%;使心肌细胞蛋白含量分别减少8.2%、14.6%和17.7%;Rg1 62.4μmol·L-1还使ANF mRNA的表达降低;Rg1 15.6、31.2和62.4μmol·L-1呈剂量依赖地抑制PGF2α所致的[Ca2+]i升高;NO前体L-精氨酸(L-arg)1 mmol.L-1具有相似的作用。此外,NO合酶抑制剂L-NAME可取消L-arg的作用,并部分抑制Rg1的效应;Rg1还明显升高心肌细胞上清液NO代谢物的含量。结论Rg1可抑制PGF2α诱导的心肌细胞肥大,该作用可能与其促进心肌细胞NO的释放,降低由PGF2α所升高的心肌细胞[Ca2+]i有关。     

人参皂苷Rg3诱导膀胱癌细胞系EJ的凋亡作用

目的：探讨Rg3抑制膀胱癌细胞的作用及其诱导凋亡的机制。方法：用一定质量浓度的Rg3 处理膀胱癌细胞系EJ细胞,MTT法检测细胞增殖活力和抑制率50%的时候药物的浓度(IC₅₀)；Hoechst33258荧光染色观察凋亡细胞的形态；流式细胞仪分析细胞周期及细胞凋亡率；免疫细胞化学观察caspase-3的表达变化；琼脂糖凝胶电泳测定DNA梯状带。结果：Rg3抑制EJ细胞生长,呈浓度依赖关系,Rg3处理细胞48 h的IC₅₀为125.5 mg·L^-1；经150 mg·L^-1Rg3处理细胞24 h和48 h后,观察到典型的凋亡细胞形态,即染色质凝集、核片段化、凋亡小体、核内致密的颗粒状荧光及caspase-3的表达增加；并呈时效依赖关系；用75 mg·L^-1Rg3处理细胞24,48,150 mg·L^-1的Rg3处理细胞48 h后,Rg3诱导了细胞凋亡和调节细胞周期,S期和G₂/M期的细胞比率增加,G₀/G₁的细胞比率下降；凋亡率从对照组的(1.05±0.17)%分别上升到(8.41±0.98)%,(18.57±2.20)% 和(33.98±1.64)%,琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测出典型的DNA梯形条带,其效应随药物浓度的增加和作用时间的延长而增强。结论：Rg3可通过诱导EJ细胞凋亡而发挥其抑制细胞增殖的作用。     

心脑治胶囊中人参皂苷Rg_1、Rb_1及三七皂苷R_1的检测方法

目的建立心脑治胶囊中人参皂苷及三七皂苷含量的检测方法。方法采用高效液相色谱法,色谱柱为ZorbaxC18柱,乙腈-水梯度洗脱(0~3min,20%~25%乙腈;3~15min,25%~45%乙腈);流速1.0mL.min-1;检测波长203nm。结果人参皂苷Rg1、人参皂苷Rb1、三七皂苷R1线性关系良好(r≥0.999),平均回收率(n=5)分别为105.68%(RSD=1.52%)、104.34%(RSD=0.73%)、102.93%(RSD=1.26%)。结论本含量测定方法灵敏、简便、快速、准确,适用于心脑治胶囊内在质量的控制。     

Neuroprotective effects of ginseng total saponin and ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 on spinal cord neurons in vitro

Spinal cord injury is a major cause of disability and results in many serious physical, psychological, and social difficulties. Numerous studies have shown that traumatic spinal cord injuries (SCI) lead to neuronal loss and axonal degeneration in and around the injury site that cause partial disability or complete paralysis. An important strategy in the treatment of SCI is to promote neuron survival and axon outgrowth, making possible the recovery of neural connections. Using an in vitro survival assay, we have identified ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1, extracted from ginseng root (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer), as efficient neuroprotective agents for spinal cord neurons. These compounds protect spinal neurons from excitotoxicity induced by glutamate and kainic acid, as well as oxidative stress induced by H(2)O(2). The neuroprotective effects are dose-dependent. The optimal doses are 20-40 microM for ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1. The effects are specific for Rb1 and Rg1, since a third ginsenoside, Re, did not exhibit any activity. Ginseng has been used for thousands of years in the treatment of neurological disorders and other diseases in Asia. Ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 represent potentially effective therapeutic agents for spinal cord injuries.     

Rh genotyping: avoiding false-negative and false-positive results among individuals of African ancestry

High homology, variant alleles, and silent alleles have made the development of completely reliable genotyping assays for the RHD and RHC alleles difficult. An RHD pseudogene (RHDPsi) possessing a 37-bp insertion within exon 4 is common among serologically RhD-negative individuals of African descent and generates false-positive results in previously reported RhD genotyping assays. Genotyping RhC is problematic due to exon 2 homology between RHD and RHC; however, an RHC-specific 109-bp insertion within intron 2 has been reported useful for genotyping. Primers flanking the exon 4 insertion point were used for detection of RHD and RHDPsi among a total of 231 serotyped individuals: 134 African American, 85 Caucasian, and 12 RhD serotype-negative/genotype-positive, D-sensitized women. Primers flanking the RHC-specific intron 2 insertion were used to genotype 282 serotyped individuals (128 African American, 154 Caucasian) and were compared to RHC genotyping using the exon 1 RhC-specific nt48 cytosine polymorphism. Complete correlation was observed between genotyping with the RHDPsi primer pair and serotyping among 219 individuals and 10/12 previous RHD false-positive genotyping results were resolved. RHDPsi was detected in 19% (n = 4/21) of RhD seronegative African Americans and 4.4% (n = 5/113) of RhD seropositive African Americans. When using the 109-bp intron 2 insertion for genotyping of RHC, a 23.9% (n = 11/46) false-negative rate was observed among African American RhCc serotyped heterozygotes. Utilization of the exon 1 nt48 cytosine for indirect genotyping of RHC yielded a 7.2% (n = 4/55) and 56.3% (n = 45/80) false-positive rate among Rhcc Caucasians and African Americans, respectively. We conclude that these additional reactions, though not sufficient alone, can be useful supplements to existing Rh genotyping assays.