盐酸小檗碱对初发2型糖尿病患者降糖疗效及肠道菌群的影响

目的 观察盐酸小檗碱对初发2型糖尿病患者血糖、胰岛素抵抗、胰高血糖素样肽-1（glucagon-like peptide-1, GLP-1）以及肠道菌群影响。方法 选取50例初发2型糖尿病患者,随机、双盲分为小檗碱组25例和对照组25例,于0、12周检测空腹血糖（fasting blood glucose, FBG）、糖化血红蛋白（glycated hemoglobin A1c, HbA1c）、空腹胰岛素（fasting insulin, FINS）、胰岛素抵抗指数（homeostasis model assessment-Insulin resistance, HOMA-IR）、GLP-1以及肠道菌群变化。结果 两组干预前后对比,FBG、HbA1c、FINS、HOMA-IR下降,GLP-1升高,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;干预后小檗碱组与对照组相比,FBG、HbA1c、HOMA-IR下降、GLP-1升高（P＜0.05）;肠道双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌升高,肠球菌下降（P＜0.05）;拟杆菌、肠杆菌下降,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）;双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌与FBG水平呈负相关,肠杆菌与FBG水平呈正相关,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 盐酸小檗碱对初发2型糖尿病患者降糖疗效较好并能够有效改善肠道菌群紊乱     

Antithrombotic effects of Huanglian Jiedu decoction in a rat model of ischaemia-reperfusion-induced cerebral stroke

ContextHuanglian Jiedu Decoction (HLJJD) has a variety of pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory and neuroprotection against ischaemic brain injury.ObjectivesThis ex vivo study explores its antithrombosis activity and inhibition of platelet aggregation.Material and methodsTo study the antithrombosis activity of HLJJD ex vivo, saline, or HLJDD (100, 200, and 500 mg/kg) was treated prophylactically by gavage for 3 days in Wistar rats (n = 4). Based on the rat model of transient middle cerebral artery infarction (MCAO) or normal rats (n = 4), the antithrombotic activity in the normal group and HLJDD subgroups on prothrombin time, thrombus weight, platelet aggregation, and others was evaluated, followed by the antiplatelet aggregation of its main components (n = 4).ResultsThe weight of the thrombus increased significantly at 24 h after MCAO onset. HLJJD did not influence the change of PT, but significantly inhibited thrombosis by 12.5, 20.0, and 20.5% in reducing the dry weight of thrombus, and blocked collagen-induced platelet aggregation by 25.5, 39.0, and 42.7% and adhesion of blood platelet by 17.3, 26.2, and 27.3%. The IC₅₀ value of HLJJD on collagen-induced platelet aggregation was 670 mg/kg. Geniposide only facilitated antiplatelet aggregation induced by collagen, but not AA or ADP. Both baicalin and berberine showed markedly antiplatelet aggregation induced by all activators. The antithrombotic activity of baicalin was relatively higher than that of berberine (35.0–47.8% vs. 20.6–33.5%).ConclusionOur results indicated that HLJDD regulated blood circulation by inhibiting platelet aggregation and thrombosis, which might also extensively contribute to the clinical prevention and treatment of cerebrovascular diseases.     

基于Hermia模型的中药鞣质模拟体系的膜过程污染机制研究

目的分析中药鞣质模拟体系的膜过程污染机制。方法以中药水提液中的鞣质和小分子药效物质(小檗碱、栀子苷)组成的模拟溶液为研究对象,考察不同模拟溶液的膜过程通量、共性高分子物质去除率、小分子药效物质透过率等指标,借助Hermia数学模型进行分析。结果对于鞣质模拟溶液、鞣质+小檗碱+栀子苷模拟溶液,其膜通量变化和滤饼过滤模型拟合程度较高。滤饼层的形成是其通量降低和膜污染的主要原因。滤饼层的存在使得小檗碱和栀子苷透过率(分别为67.63%和87.55%)并不理想。结论 Hermia数学模型可以作为研究中药提取液膜污染机制的重要手段,滤饼层的形成和存在可能是中药提取液膜污染严重的原因之一。     

HPLC法同时测定乙肝益气解郁颗粒中的11种成分

目的建立HPLC法同时测定乙肝益气解郁颗粒中柴胡皂苷a、柚皮苷、芍药苷、毛蕊异黄酮苷、丹参酮IIA、桂皮醛、五味子醇甲、紫丁香苷、盐酸小檗碱、大黄酚和橙皮苷的含量,并采用主成分分析(PCA)法对其质量进行综合评价。方法采用HPLC法,色谱柱为Caprisil C18-AQ(250 mm×4.6 mm,5.0μm);流动相为0.1%磷酸水溶液-乙腈,梯度洗脱,体积流量0.8mL/min;柱温45℃。最后将定量结果与PCA法相结合对不同批次药物进行科学的质量评价分析。结果乙肝益气解郁颗粒中柴胡皂苷a、柚皮苷、芍药苷、毛蕊异黄酮苷、丹参酮IIA、桂皮醛、五味子醇甲、紫丁香苷、盐酸小檗碱、大黄酚和橙皮苷11种成分分别在1.6～80.0、14～700、10～500、1.6～80.0、1.6～80.0、2.4～120.0、1.2～60.0、1.2～60.0、8.0～400.0、2.0～100.0、2.0～100.0μg/m L线性关系良好;平均加样回收率分别为98.3%、99.2%、98.8%、99.3%、101.9%、97.5%、99.8%、101.7%、101.1%、102.5%、100.9%,RSD均2.0%;16批样品中11种有效成分的质量分数分别为0.233～0.322、3.007～3.142、2.201～2.273、0.320～0.355、0.317～0.399、0.451～0.523、0.265～0.297、0.209～0.226、1.848～1.873、0.380～0.425、0.615～0.647mg/g。结论实验建立的方法简便准确、重复性好,可用于乙肝益气解郁颗粒的质量控制,为乙肝益气解郁颗粒后续质量提高提供参考。     

Renal vectorial transport of berberine mediated by organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2) and multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins 1 (MATE1) in rats

Berberine, a well‐known plant alkaloid derived from Rhizoma coptidis, has potential applications as a therapeutic drug for diabetic nephropathy. However, the transporter‐mediated renal transport of berberine remains largely unclear. This study aimed to investigate the renal transport mechanism of berberine using transfected cells, kidney slices and animal experiments. In Madin‐Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells stably expressing rat OCT2 (MDCK‐rOCT2) and kidney slices, saturable and non‐saturable uptake of berberine was observed, and corticosterone could inhibit the uptake of berberine, with IC₅₀ values of 0.1 μm and 147.9 μm , respectively. In double‐transfected cells, the cellular accumulation of berberine into MDCK‐rOCT2 and MDCK‐rOCT2‐rMATE1 (MDCK cells stably expressing rOCT2 and rMATE1) cells was significantly higher than the uptake into MDCK cells. Meanwhile, berberine transcellular transport was considerably higher in double‐transfected MDCK‐rOCT2‐rMATE1 cells than in MDCK and MDCK‐rOCT2 cells. Corticosterone for MDCK‐rMATE1 and MDCK‐MDR1 and pyrimethamine for MDCK‐rMATE1 at high concentrations could inhibit the efflux of berberine. In animal experiments, compared with the berberine alone group, the cumulative urinary excretion of berberine significantly decreased in the corticosterone or pyrimethamine pretreatment groups. In the rat kidney, pyrimethamine increased, and a low dose of corticosterone (5 mg/kg) decreased, the berberine concentration. However, there was no apparent change in the renal concentration of berberine in rats pretreated with corticosterone (10 or 20 mg/kg). Thus, berberine is not only a substrate of OCT2 and P‐glycoprotein, but is also a substrate of MATE1. Both OCT2 and MATE1 mediate the renal vectorial transport of berberine.     

基于网络搜索快速鉴定抗风湿类中成药和保健食品中非法添加的非那西丁及小檗碱

目的 鉴定抗风湿类中成药和保健食品中非法添加的2个未知成分。方法 采用高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测器联用（HPLC-DAD）技术进行抗风湿类中成药和保健食品非法添加筛查时发现2个可疑色谱峰,采用UPLC-MS/MS技术获得其准分子离子和二级质谱图,然后通过网络搜索分析初步确定可疑成分,最后与对照品比较检测,最终确定2个非法添加化合物的结构。结果 在抗风湿类保健食品中检出盐酸小檗碱,中成药中检出非那西丁。结论 这2个化合物不在现有抗风湿类中成药和保健食品检验标准13种目标化合物范围内,容易逃脱标准监管范围。     

小蘖碱对高脂血症鼠脂联素的调控作用及其对血脂指标和斑块形成的影响

目的 研究小蘖碱对高脂血症鼠脂联素的调控作用及其对血脂指标和斑块形成的影响。 方法 在40只Wistar雄性鼠随机选取30只并喂养高脂饲料饮食进行高血脂(HLP)造模,对照组(n=10)则喂养正常食物并自由摄取水。10周后,将HLP模型随机分为3组: HLP组(n=10)、HLP+LBB组(n=10)和HLP+HBB组(n=10)。对HLP+LBB组鼠进行低剂量小檗碱(berberine, BB)灌胃(150 mg/(kg·d)), HLP+HBB组高剂量小檗碱灌胃(300 mg/(kg·d)),对照组和HLP组则以生理盐水代替。连续喂养10周后测定并比较4组鼠血清甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)、血清总脂联素和高分子量脂联素含量,以及心肌梗死斑块面积。 结果 造模后,与对照组相比,HLP组大鼠TG、TC和LDL-C显著升高,HDL-C水平显著下降(P<0.05)。提示HLP大鼠造模成功。与HLP组相比,HLP+LBB组、HLP+HBB组TG、TC和LDL-C显著降低(P<0.001),HLP+LBB组HDL-C水平显著升高(P<0.05)。四组大鼠血清总脂联素含量差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但HLP组中高分子量脂联素与总脂联素的比值显著低于对照组, 而HLP+HBB组显著高于HLP组(P<0.05)。与对照组比较,AdipoR1在HLP组中表达下调(P<0.05), 而HLP+HBB组显著高于HLP组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。AdipoR2在HLP组中的表达无明显变化,但HLP+HBB组显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。HLP+HBB组梗塞面积[(11.4±1.0)%)]显著低于HLP组[(52.2±0.9)%]和HLP+LBB组[(33.1±1.1)%](均P<0.05)。 结论 小蘖碱可对抗高脂血症鼠血中脂联素的下调,这一干预可能在血脂指标和斑块形成方面起到改善作用。     

Molecular aspects on the interaction of protoberberine, benzophenanthridine, and aristolochia group of alkaloids with nucleic acid structures and biological perspectives

Alkaloids occupy an important position in chemistry and pharmacology. Among the various alkaloids, berberine and coralyne of the protoberberine group, sanguinarine of the benzophenanthridine group, and aristololactam-beta-d-glucoside of the aristolochia group have potential to form molecular complexes with nucleic acid structures and have attracted recent attention for their prospective clinical and pharmacological utility. This review highlights (i) the physicochemical properties of these alkaloids under various environmental conditions, (ii) the structure and functional aspects of various forms of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) (B-form, Z-form, H(L)-form, protonated form, and triple helical form) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) (A-form, protonated form, and triple helical form), and (iii) the interaction of these alkaloids with various polymorphic DNA and RNA structures reported by several research groups employing various analytical techniques like absorbance, fluorescence, circular dichroism, and NMR spectroscopy; electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, thermal melting, viscosity, and DNase footprinting as well as molecular modeling and thermodynamic studies to provide detailed binding mechanism at the molecular level for structure-activity relationship. Nucleic acids binding properties of these alkaloids are interpreted in relation to their biological activity.     

小檗碱治疗代谢性疾病抗炎作用的研究进展

慢性非可控性炎症在代谢性疾病如糖尿病、非酒精性脂肪性肝病（NAFLD）和动脉粥样硬化的发生和发展过程中发挥关键作用。天然产物小檗碱对代谢性疾病有良好的改善作用并对其伴随的慢性炎症有明显的抑制作用。研究显示小檗碱主要通过调控AMP依赖的蛋白激酶（AMPK）、核转录因子-κB（NF-κB）和肠道菌群来发挥抗炎活性。对小檗碱抗炎作用的深入研究将为其应用于临床治疗代谢性疾病提供进一步科学依据。     

小檗碱通过激活 Nrf2-HO-1/GPX4 通路抑制小鼠海马神经元HT22细胞的铁死亡

目的 探讨小檗碱对于Erastin诱导小鼠海马神经元HT22细胞的铁死亡的保护作用及其可能机制。方法 以HT22小鼠海马神经元细胞为研究对象,分为对照组、Erastin模型组、Erastin+30 μmol/L BBR组、Erastin+60 μmol/L BBR组。采用CCK-8法、特异性 Fe2+ 荧光探针、荧光染料（DAPI）检测和荧光探针（H2DCFH-DA）检测各实验组细胞的增殖情况、活性铁水平、细胞凋亡和活性氧（ROS）变化。 RT-qPCR和Western blot分别检测各实验组细胞的Nrf2、HO-1、GPX4 mRNA和蛋白表达情况。以60 μmol BBR的最适浓度来进一步探究其作用机制,分为对照组、Erastin模型组、Erastin+60 μmol/L BBR组、Erastin+60 μmol/LBBR+2 μmol Nrf2抑制剂 ML385组。通过使用荧光探针和Western blot检测Nrf2抑制剂（ML385）作用后的活性铁的水平、活性氧含量以及Nrf2、HO-1、GPX4蛋白的表达来验证小檗碱调节的Nrf2-HO-1/GPX4通路对Erastin处理的HT22细胞的保护作用。结果 0.5 μmol/L Erastin作用于HT22细胞8 h,细胞存活率与对照组相比显著被抑制（P<0.05）;同时细胞凋亡、ROS以及活性铁含量增加（P<0.05）。与Erastin组比较,Erastin+30 μmol/L BBR组和Erastin+60 μmol/L BBR组的细胞存活率明显升高（P<0.05）,同时显著降低细胞凋亡、ROS以及活性铁含量（P<0.05）。小檗碱增加 HT22细胞中Nrf2、HO-1、GPX4基因及蛋白的 表达量（P<0.05）。加入Nrf2抑制剂ML385后,Nrf2-HO-1/GPX4通路被抑制,并且ROS以及活性铁含量升高（P<0.05）。结论 Erastin诱导HT22细胞发生铁死亡,小檗碱抑制Erastin诱导的铁死亡,可能机制是激活了Nrf2-HO-1/GPX4通路。