Adenovirus types associated with severe respiratory diseases: A retrospective 4‐year study in Kuwait

Human adenovirus (HAdV) infection can result in a severe respiratory disease. The aim of this study was to identify HAdV types detected in patients hospitalized for severe respiratory illness. The study population consisted of 743 patients with severe respiratory disease admitted to four major hospitals in Kuwait between January 2013 and December 2016. Respiratory specimens were retrospectively screened for 20 respiratory viruses by real‐time PCR. The HAdV hexon gene was amplified and directly sequenced, and HAdV types were identified by performing Bayesian phylogenetic analysis. HAdV DNA was detected in 27 (3.6%) patients, with peaks in November and March. Most patients were infants and young children suffering from pneumonia or acute bronchiolitis. The detected HAdV types were C1, C2, C5, B3, and B7. Clusters of HAdV C1, C2, and C5 were observed with high posterior probability. All patients infected with HAdV C5 and 50% of patients infected with HAdV C2 or B7 were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Co‐infection with other viruses was detected in 44.4% of patients. The most common co‐infecting virus was rhinovirus (HRV). HAdV/HRV co‐infection was detected in two children who presumably developed disseminated HAdV infection and died. This is the first report describing the circulation of HAdV types associated with severe outcomes in Kuwait. These findings highlight the need for a national surveillance system to monitor changes in predominant HAdV types and increased numbers of severe respiratory infections.

     

人sCD40L-Ig重组腺病毒载体的构建、表达及功能检测

目的:构建含有分泌型人胞外区CD40L融合蛋白(sCD40L-Ig)基因的重组腺病毒载体,确定其表达和功能学意义。方法:通过PCR获得人源IgGFc和sCD40L基因并予以连接,将其插入到腺病毒穿梭质粒pAdTrack-CMV中,构建重组质粒pAdTrack-sCD40L-Ig。将其与pAdEasy-1-BJ5183菌行同源重组后,用293细胞包装,通过观察绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)和Western blot分析等方法鉴定重组腺病毒,并进行双向混合淋巴细胞反应(MLR)以确定其功能。结果:所构建的sCD40L-Ig基因的重组腺病毒,经酶切和PCR鉴定正确。原代腺病毒的滴度达到2.69×1011pfu/L,并有相对分子质量(Mr)为61×103的目的蛋白表达。MLR显示,重组腺病毒对淋巴细胞的增殖有抑制作用。结论:成功地构建了含有sCD40L-Ig基因的重组腺病毒,并对MLR有抑制作用。     

T-bet重组腺病毒对哮喘小鼠Thl/Th2免疫平衡的调节

目的探讨静脉应用T-bet重组腺病毒（AdT-bet）对哮喘模型小鼠过敏性气道炎症及Th1／Th2免疫失衡的影响。方法36只C57BL/6小鼠随机分为AdT-bet治疗组（A组）、模型对照组（B组）、正常组（C组）。以卵蛋白（OVA）、氢氧化铝免疫建立哮喘模型，A组激发前尾静脉注射100μL的AdT-bet（1×10^8 PFU/μL），各组激发后肺泡灌洗分析细胞组份，分离肺淋巴细胞测定细胞因子分泌水平，以流式细胞仪检测CD3^＋、CD4^＋ T细胞比例及表达IFNγ和IL-4的比例，比较各组肺组织学改变。结果静脉应用AdT-bet组与对照组相比：①可明显抑制抗原激发后气道内嗜酸性粒细胞的浸润（P〈0．01）；②明显抑制肺淋巴细胞产生IL-4、IL-5，增加了IFNγ的产生；③肺脏淋巴细胞CD4^＋ IFNγ百分比及IFNγ^＋/IL-4^＋明显升高（P〈0．01），而CD4^＋ IL-4^＋百分比则明显下降；④明显抑制哮喘鼠气道内及肺泡内的过敏性炎症反应。结论激发前静脉用AdT-bet对哮喘小鼠过敏性气道炎症有明显的防治作用，其机制可能与表达的T-bet上调Th1／Th2比值，从而调整了免疫平衡有关。     

Fas配体基因导入对大鼠颈动脉损伤后新生内膜的影响

目的 :探讨腺病毒载体介导 Fas配体 （Fas L）基因导入对大鼠颈动脉损伤后新生内膜的影响。方法 :利用重组腺病毒载体将 Fas L 导入大鼠颈动脉球囊损伤的内膜 ,14d后观察其对新生内膜形成的影响。结果 :通过腺病毒载体介导导入 Fas L 基因的被球囊损伤的大鼠颈动脉 ,与 Ad- β gal基因的对照组相比较 ,14d后损伤血管新生内膜 /中膜面积比降低了 73%（P<0 .0 1）。结论 :Fas L 可抑制新生内膜的增生。     

汉滩病毒G1S0.7嵌合基因重组腺病毒的构建及鉴定

目的在本室前期工作的基础上构建汉滩病毒M基因G1片段与S基因0.7kb片段嵌合基因的重组腺病毒。方法构建含有汉滩病毒G1S0.7嵌合基因的转移载体pShuttle-G1S0.7,然后通过特异性的酶切将嵌合基因与腺病毒DNA相连,电转化E.coli JM109,获得重组腺病毒Adeno-G1S0.7 DNA,转染HFX293细胞得到重组腺病毒。进一步对重组腺病毒的滴度和表达产物进行鉴定。结果构建的含G1S0.7嵌合基因的重组腺病毒,滴度可达10^13～10^15 PFU／L;该重组腺病毒感染Vero-E6细胞后,表达出可被抗汉滩病毒核蛋白及糖蛋白G1的特异性单抗（mAb）所识别的融合蛋白。结论利用腺病毒表达系统,成功地表达同时具有核蛋白及糖蛋白G1生物学活性的融合蛋白,为进一步研究其免疫学特性奠定了基础。     

Risk factors for the development of bronchiolitis obliterans in children with severe adenovirus pneumonia: A retrospective study with dose-response analysis

To investigate and analyze the relevant risk factors for bronchiolitis obliterans (BO) in children with severe adenovirus pneumonia, a retrospective study of children with severe adenovirus pneumonia was performed in 34 cases that developing BO and 105 cases not developing BO in Children's hospital of Chongqing Medical University from January 2015 to February 2019. The multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors which were significantly associated with development of BO after the univariate analysis, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to find out the cut-off value for the significant relevant factors. A nonlinear dose-response relationship between risk factors and the risk of BO was assessed by restricted cubic spline model. Three factors were independently associated with development of BO, which were length of fever (OR 1.129, 95% CI 1.033-1.234), dyspnea (OR 3.922, 95% CI 1.060-14.514) and invasive mechanical ventilation (OR 6.861, 95% CI 1.854-25.387). The cut-off value of length of fever were 10.5 days. A linear dose-response relationship between length of fever and occurrence of BO was observed (P = .57 for nonlinearity). Children with severe adenovirus pneumonia who have a longer duration of fever (especially more than 10.5 days), have dyspnea or require invasive mechanical ventilation in the acute phase are more likely to develop BO.     

HRE 和 hTERT 修饰条件复制型腺病毒携带 Egr-1介导的 Smac 对人食管癌细胞 Eca109周期和凋亡的影响

目的：探讨以 HRE 和 hTERT 修饰条件复制型腺病毒携带 Egr-1介导的 Smac（CARd．pE-Smac）对人食管癌细胞 Eca109周期和凋亡的影响。方法利用氯化钴进行化学乏氧,病毒感染滴度为5 MOI [Multiplicity of infec-tion （virus/cell）]感染人食管癌 Eca109细胞24 h,并进行2 Gy 照射,12 h 后分别利用 Western blotting 检测 Smac 蛋白的表达,PI 染色和 AnnexinⅤ-FITC 双染,流式细胞术检测细胞周期和细胞凋亡变化。实验分为 control、CARd．pE-Smac、hypoxia、2 Gy、H＋CARd．pE-Smac、CARd．pE-Smac＋2 Gy 和 H＋CARd．pE-Smac＋2 Gy 组。结果CARd． pE-Smac 感染常氧和乏氧的 Eca109细胞后均未见 Smac 蛋白表达增加,而2 Gy 照射后,常氧、感染 CARd．pE-Smac和乏氧再感染 CARd．pE-Smac 均能使 Smac 蛋白表达增加,尤其以三者联用后 Smac 表达增加最大;感染 CARd．pE-Smac 未对细胞周期有明显改变,而乏氧、2 Gy 和感染 CARd．pE-Smac 任二者（乏氧与2 Gy 除外）或者三者联用均能显著增加 S 期和 G2/M 期细胞百分比增加（P ＜0．05,P ＜0．01）,尤其以三者联用作用更强;而且,对于细胞凋亡的诱导作用与周期进程变化的规律相类似。结论HRE 和 hTERT 修饰条件复制型腺病毒携带 Egr-1介导的 Smac 在人食管癌细胞 Eca109中显著过表达,且能够导致细胞发生 S 期延迟和 G2/M 期阻滞,并诱导细胞发生凋亡。     

Oncolytic adenoviruses for treatment of brain tumours

Standard therapies are not capable of curing patients with malignant glioma; more than 90% of patients die within 2 years after diagnosis. Gene therapy appeared as a promising new approach for this disease. However, results of clinical trials with replication deficient viral vectors were disappointing. The main reasons being poor transduction efficiency of adenovirus towards glioma cells and limited spread and distribution of the vector in the tumour. With the increasing knowledge of viral genetics and its functions, an attractive alternative tool to kill malignant glioma cells has been developed: Replicating adenovirus as an oncolytic agent. This type of therapy, also referred to as virotherapy, has the potential to overcome some of the limitations connected with replication deficient adenoviral vectors. In this review the authors describe the latest developments in strategies that are being used to create a tumour- or glioma- selective replicating adenovirus. Special attention is given to the methods of viral delivery to an infiltrating tumour in the brain, regarding optimal dose and toxicity. Furthermore, the role of conventional antitumour treatments, such as irradiation and chemotherapy, in enhancing the effect of virotherapy is being emphasised.     

Successful reproduction of adenoviral gizzard erosion in 20-week-old SPF layer-type chickens and efficacious prophylaxis due to live vaccination with an apathogenic fowl adenovirus serotype 1 strain (CELO)

Recently, outbreaks of adenoviral gizzard erosion (AGE) have been documented in pullets and layers housed free range and in enriched cage systems characterized by increased mortality and a negative impact on egg production. In the present study the pathogenicity of a fowl adenovirus serotype 1 (FAdV-1) field strain as well as the aetiological role of a FAdV-8a strain, both isolated from AGE affected pullets, were investigated in vivo in 20-week-old specific-pathogen-free (SPF) layer-type chickens. Furthermore, the efficacy of a single (week 17) and double (week 14 and 17) application of a live vaccine consisting of an apathogenic FAdV-1 (CELO strain) against challenge with virulent FAdV-1 was investigated.For the first time, AGE was successfully reproduced in adult birds after oral infection of 20-week-old SPF birds with a virulent FAdV-1 field isolate, characterized by pathological changes of the gizzard from 7 days post challenge onwards. In addition, a negative impact of the FAdV-1 infection on the development of the reproductive tract was observed. Thus, confirming the pathogenicity and aetiological role of FAdV-1 in the development of AGE and economic losses due to AGE in layers. In contrast, no pathological changes were observed in birds infected with FAdV-8a.Independent of a single or double application of the live FAdV-1 vaccine strain CELO, no gross pathological changes were observed in gizzards post challenge with the virulent FAdV-1, indicating that complete protection of layers against horizontal induction of AGE was achieved. Nonetheless, virulent FAdV-1 was detected in cloacal swabs and gizzards in both vaccinated groups post challenge determined by the application of an amplification refractory mutation system quantitative PCR used to differentiate between vaccine and challenge strains.