癫痫术中脑电双频谱指数监测麻醉下的皮层脑电图分析的前瞻性研究

目的 探索全麻手术下适宜皮层脑电图(ECoG)监测的脑电双频谱指数监测(BIS)值范围.方法 随机前瞻性研究.选择13例在全麻下接受颞叶癫痫手术的患者为研究对象,术中行颞叶ECoG监测、靶控给药技术持续泵入丙泊酚4～6 mg·kg-1·h-1,瑞芬太尼0.05～0.15μg·kg-1min-1,麻醉深度以BIS值为标准分:BIS>60、BIS 51～60、BIS 40～50三个阶段逐渐加深,分别观察三种条件下的ECoG放电特点,并对发作间期癫痫异常放电(IEDs)和爆发性抑制(BSRs)的频率进行统计学分析.结果 在总共208个记录电极点的分析中,90%的ECoG放电形式以独立棘波和重复棘慢波类型为主.IEDs放电频率比较发现,BIS 40～50与BIS>60组间差异有统计学意义(P=0.03<0.05),三组间伴有棘波或尖波放电的BSRs频率分析显示,BIS 40～50组分别与BIS>60(P=0.00)和BIS 51～60组(P=0.03)比较,差异有统计学意义.结论 (1)不同麻醉深度下手术区域ECoG探测到的棘波、尖波或棘慢波出现频率发生变化,随着麻醉深度的加深痈样放电频率有增加的趋势;(2)麻醉深度加深可诱发脑电BSRs,出现周期不固定、在慢波背景上的BSRs波,同时伴有痫样放电;(3)在靶控给药技术下BIS监测可以很好地控制麻醉深度,当BIS值处于40～50区间时,我们发现更有利于研究和分析ECoG的放电特点,为准确定位致痫灶范围提供依据;(4)我们推断麻醉药物特别是瑞芬太尼(阿片类)可能存在着诱发致痫灶异常放电的作用,而镇痛药物丙泊酚浓度与BIS临测下的麻醉深度存在正相关性.     

癫痫患者治疗依从性与疗效的关系及影响因素分析

目的 调查癫痫患者的治疗依从性与疗效的关系及影响因素,探讨提高治疗依从性的对策.方法 利用自行设计的问卷对2006年～2008年间在我院门诊就诊的已确诊的癫痫患者102例进行回顾性问卷调查.根据癫痫患者发作频率的变化分成恶化、无效、有效、显效、控制组.对各组治疗依从性进行判定.并分析比较其影响因素.结果 癫痫患者的治疗依从性与疗效直接相关,治疗依从性良好的患者疗效好(P<0.05),反之依从性差疗效也差.文化程度高,经济条件好,有医疗保险保障的癫痫患者,尤其城市居民和儿童治疗依从性较好,结论癫痫疾病的转归受多种因素影响,其中依从性起关键作用.应采取综合措施提高患者治疗依从性,从而改善患者的疗效和预后.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the compliance and pertaining factors of patients with epilepsy, and to improve the treatment of compliance. Methods The patients with epilepsy ( 102 cases) were retrospectively surveyed by self-designed questionnaire during 2006 ～2008. According to the frequency changing of seizures, the patients were divided into aggravate group 、ineffective group、and effective group、excellent group、the control group. We determined the compliance of the groups, and analyzed the pertaining factors. Results The treatment compliance and effect is directly related in people with epilepsy, good treatment compliance in people with epilepsy has good effect(P <0. 05) ,On the contrary,the bad compliance also has bad effect. Patients with epilepsy in the high level of education, economic condition, medical insurance protection , especially for urban residents and children got better treatment compliance. Conclusions The prognosis of the epilepsy was affected by a number of factors, in which compliance play a critical role. Comprehensive measures should be taken to improve the treatment compliance of patients with epilepsy, to improve their efficacy and prognosis.     

颞叶癫痫患者认知功能及其影响因素的研究

目的观察颞叶癫痫患者的认知功能状况,并进一步探讨社会人口学、临床发作、癫痫样放电等因素对患者认知功能的影响。方法对129例颞叶癫痫患者和90名健康对照者进行韦氏成人智力量表中国修订本(WAIS-RC)和临床记忆量表测定。结果颞叶癫痫患者总智商(full intelligence quotient,FIQ)、言语智商(verbal intelligence quotient,VIQ)、操作智商(performance intelligence quotient,PIQ)及记忆商(memory quotient,MQ)均明显低于健康对照者(P<0.001)。癫痫患者文化程度越高,其IQ及MQ越高(P<0.01);癫痫患者发作越频繁,其IQ及MQ越低(P<0.01);癫痫患者癫痫样放电越明显,其IQ及MQ越低(P<0.01)。多元逐步回归分析显示,影响患者FIQ和MQ的因素依次为发作频率和脑电图癫痫样放电。结论颞叶癫痫患者存在不同程度的认知功能障碍。关注颞叶癫痫患者的认知功能以及合理选择治疗方法、尽快控制癫痫发作是避免和减少患者认知功能损害的重要前提。     

托吡酯单药及添加治疗癫痫疗效的随访观察

目的观察托吡酯单药及添加治疗不同类型癫痫的长期临床疗效。方法对服药大于2年的95例癫痫患者给予托吡酯单药和添加治疗;分别于服药6个月、1年、2年时进行随访。评定其控制率、托吡酯保留率,以及不良反应。结果服药6个月时,不同发作类型患者中以简单部分性发作(SPS)及全面强直阵挛性发作(GTCS)患者的控制率最好,分别为58.8%和52.8%;单药治疗组控制率(63.8%)显著高于添加组(27.0%);单药治疗组1年(50.0%)及2年时(41.7%)的控制率显著高于添加组(23.8%,20.0%)(均P<0.01);单药治疗组1年(68.5%)及2年(62.1%)的保留率显著高于添加组(56.8%,40.5%)(均P<0.01);本组的不良反应依次为厌食、体重减轻、无汗、反应迟钝、肢体麻木、记忆力下降、注意力不集中等。结论托吡酯对各类型癫痫均有明显的疗效,其中以SPS和GTCS最显著;其短期、长期的控制率均较好。     

癫痫患儿与正常儿童气质的差异性研究

目的探讨癫痫患儿与正常儿童气质的差别。方法随机入选2007-2008年我院儿科确诊的42名癫痫患儿及56名非癫痫正常儿童,进行气质测定。结果（1）癫疴组与正常儿童组气质类型分布存在显著性差异（χ2=6．417,P=0．040）;（2）癫痫患儿在活动水平、节律性、适应性、坚持性、情绪本质等气质维度的得分比正常儿童高,且具有统计学差异（P〈0．05）。结论癫痫疾病对儿童的气质特点具有显著的影响,使患儿的气质偏向消极。     

药物难治性癫痫外科治疗展望

癫痫是危害较大的神经系统疾病,其发病率在4‰～6‰.在我国有近600万癫痫患者,其中20%～30%患者对内科药物治疗效果不佳,是癫痫外科治疗的主要目标[1,2].近二十年来,随着神经电生理技术和神经影像学的飞速发展,药物难治性癫痫患者的术前定位和评估取得了明显的突破,外科手术已成为癫痫治疗的一种重要手段[2].同时,随着外科麻醉和手术技巧的不断改进,尤其是显微神经外科技术的应用,使癫痫的外科治疗越来越安全有效,外科治疗已成为治疗药物难治性癫痫患者的主要手段[2,3].     

以癫为首发症状的幕上星形细胞瘤的诊疗体会

目的 探讨癫癎与星形细胞瘤的关系及影响术后癫癎控制的因素.方法 回顾性分析35例以癫癎为首发症状的星形细胞瘤患者,运用SPSS 15.0对术中肿瘤切除程度和术前癫癎病程分别与术后6个月癫癎控制情况进行卡方检验.结果 35例病人全切25例,次全切6例,部分切除4例;病理诊断(WHO)Ⅰ～Ⅱ26例,Ⅲ～Ⅳ9例;术前癫癎病程1～6个月13例,＞6个月～2年17例,2年以上5例.分别与术后6个月癫癎控制情况行卡方检验,P值分别为0.016、0.039,差异均有统计学意义.结论 以癫癎为首发症状的脑星形细胞瘤多为低级别肿瘤,手术全切及术前癫癎病程短者术后癫癎较易控制.     

Identification of epileptogenic foci from causal analysis of ECoG interictal spike activity

ObjectiveIn patients with intractable epilepsy, the use of interictal spikes as surrogate markers of the epileptogenic cortex has generated significant interest. Previous studies have suggested that the cortical generators of the interictal spikes are correlated with the epileptogenic cortex as identified from the ictal recordings. We hypothesize that causal analysis of the functional brain networks during interictal spikes are correlated with the clinically-defined epileptogenic zone.MethodsWe employed a time-varying causality measure, the adaptive directed transfer function (ADTF), to identify the cortical sources of the interictal spike activity in eight patients with medically intractable neocortical-onset epilepsy. The results were then compared to the foci identified by the epileptologists.ResultsIn all eight patients, the majority of the ADTF-calculated source activity was observed within the clinically-defined SOZs. Furthermore, in three of the five patients with two separate epileptogenic foci, the calculated source activity was correlated with both cortical sites.ConclusionsThe ADTF method identified the cortical sources of the interictal spike activity as originating from the same cortical locations as the recorded ictal activity.SignificanceEvaluation of the sources of the cortical networks obtained during interictal spikes may provide information as to the generators underlying the ictal activity.     

Clinical neurophysiology of the episodic ataxias: Insights into ion channel dysfunction in vivo

Clinical neurophysiology has become an invaluable tool in the diagnosis of muscle channelopathies, but the situation is less clear cut with neuronal channelopathies. The genetic episodic ataxias are a group of disorders with heterogeneous phenotype and genotype, but share in common the feature of intermittent cerebellar dysfunction. Episodic ataxia (EA) types 1 and 2 are the most widely recognised of the autosomal dominant episodic ataxias and are caused by dysfunction of neuronal voltage-gated ion channels. There are central and peripheral nervous system manifestations in both conditions, and they are therefore good models of neuronal channelopathies to study neurophysiologically. To date most work has focussed upon characterising the electrophysiological properties of mutant channels in vitro. This review summarises the role of voltage-gated potassium and calcium channels, mutations of which underlie the main types of episodic ataxia types 1 and 2. The clinical, genetic and electrophysiological features of EA1 and EA2 are outlined, and a protocol for the assessment of these patients is proposed.     

Incidence of atypical handedness in epilepsy and its association with clinical factors

The incidence of atypical handedness (left-handedness and ambidexterity) in patients with epilepsy, particularly its association with major clinical factors, is not well established. We evaluated a full range of clinical variables in 478 patients with epilepsy from the United States and Korea. With the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory, handedness was established as both a categorical variable (right-handed, left-handed, ambidextrous) and a continuous variable. Seizures were classified as complex or simple partial, primary generalized, or generalized tonic–clonic. The relationship between handedness and a range of clinical findings was explored. The overall incidence of atypical handedness in our patients was higher than in the general population (13.6%) and significantly higher in the U.S. patient group (17.6%) than in the Korean patients (8.8%). Handedness was not associated with sex; age; seizure type; age at onset; type, side, or site of EEG or brain imaging abnormalities; family history of seizures; refractory epilepsy; or history of epilepsy surgery.