关于社区卫生服务人力资源开发的思考与探讨

基于北京市朝阳区大力发展社区卫生服务３年多的实践,就发展社区卫生服务的关键所在－人力资源开发,在配置卫生资源,实施全科医学培训工程,制定相应政策保障,充分展示社区卫生服务功能等方面的现状及其对策进行了充分的论述和有益的探讨。     

Public participation and marginalized groups: the community development model

Objectives  To develop ways of reaching house-bound people and enabling them to give their views in planning and monitoring health and social care.
Strategy  HealthLINK – a project based in a community health council – explored ways of involving older house-bound people in the London Borough of Camden, in planning and monitoring health and social care using community development techniques.
Results  HealthLINK set up an infrastructure to enable house-bound people to have access to information and to enable them to give their views. This resulted in access for health and local authorities to the views of house-bound older people and increased the self esteem and quality of life of those who became involved.
Conclusions  Community development approaches that enable an infrastructure to be established may be an effective way of reaching marginalized communities. However, there are tensions in this approach between the different requirements for public involvement of statutory bodies and of users, and between representation of groups and listening to individual voices.     

Hepatitis A outbreak originating in a day care center: A community case report

A community outbreak of hepatitis A is described, involving 23 persons in a small town in central Israel. Seventy-four percent of the cases were related to a contact with toddlers in one nursery class in a day care center. There were no overt cases in that class itself. The mode of transmission exemplified in this community underlines the difficulties in identifying a common source of hepatitis A infection, which is necessary for the elimination of a further spread of the disease.     

社区健康服务试点地区孕产期保健服务现状分析

社区健康服务项目试点城市１２００名学龄前儿童母亲的孕产期保健情况调查结果：早孕检查率为６２．０％,产前检查率为９６．９％,产前检查次数≥８次占５７．２％,住院分娩率为９７．５％,产后访视≥３次占３０．３％,４个月婴儿纯母乳喂养率为６１．０％,孕产期母乳喂养健康教育覆盖率为４６．９％,孕期营养指导率为５８．７％,同时对影响产前检查次数的因素进行了分析。结果提示：试点地区在保持和提高孕产期服务覆盖率的同时,应重点规范产前检查和产后访视内容,提高服务质量;应加强孕产期健康教育,提高母乳喂养率;在经济文化条件有限的情况下,探索适宜的孕产期服务方式,为群众提供优质便利且经济上可承受的保健服务     

社区爱婴行动对母乳喂养促进作用的研究

为了解社区爱婴行动对母乳喂养的促进作用,江苏省在南京市及镇江市社区内开展了多种爱婴活动,并在项目活动开始时及结束时进行了问卷调查。结果表明,终末调查与基础调查相比,产妇出院前２４ｈ内纯母乳喂养率和调查前２４ｈ内纯母乳喂养率均有明显上升,母亲在孕期及出院后接受母乳喂养健康教育的比例均有明显提高,母亲认为４个月内婴儿应该开始添加辅食的比例及４个月内婴儿实际添加辅食者的比例均有明显下降。提示社区爱婴行动确实大大促进了母乳喂养率的提高。     

试析大型综合医院在社区医疗服务中的作用

根据国家城市卫生服务体系改革的原则及对基层医院和大医院的功能定位,分析大型综合医院在社区医疗服务中的作用。指出大型综合医院应加强与城市基层医院的联系,建立全科医生培训基地,为社区医疗服务输送适用人才,建立切实可行的转诊制度,成为社区医疗服务的坚强后盾,提高社区医疗服务的质量和水平,促进社区医疗服务的发展。     

有关开展社区心理咨询的探讨

以会谈调查、临床资料总结、实地考察和文献分析相结合方法进行研究。结果表明:目前我国医院心理咨询的对象主要为病人,较基层的医院则正常人咨询比例较高,前者脱失率较高,就诊不便是重要原因之一。调查还发现,广州社区心理卫生服务尚未包括心理咨询,居民对心理卫生常识和心理咨询缺乏认识。因此建议应借鉴国外的先进经验,结合我国实际,开展有中国特色的社区心理咨询。     

Compliance and medication knowledge among elderly Japanese home-care recipients

Objectives: To investigate the risk factors for noncompliance in elderly home-care recipients; and to evaluate to what extent regular home visits and drug counseling by a pharmacist contribute to compliance. Subjects: One hundred and sixty-three elderly home-care recipients aged 62 years and over took part in this study. All subjects were cognitively normal, and taking a regimen of one or more prescribed drugs. Medication use was observed by pharmacist-conducted interviews during home visits. Compliance was estimated by comparing prescribed regimens with medications actually being taken at home. Results: The mean age with (SD) of the subjects was 78.7 (8.3) years. Eighteen per cent were regularly counseled by a pharmacist about medication. Poor compliance with prescribed medications was associated with subjects aged 80 years and over, who were administering their own medication, consuming less than three meals a day, did not have one dose packages, and who were not receiving pharmacist counseling. In multiple logistic regression analyses, frequency of meals (OR 5.99; 95% CI 1.25–28.79), pharmacist counseling (OR 5.32; 95% CI 2.00–14.20), and age (OR 0.96; 95% CI 0.92–1.00) were independent predictors of good compliance for home-care recipients with physical disabilities. Compliance correlated inversely with knowledge of drug names, and drug purposes in the uncounseled group. Compliance, however, positively correlated with knowledge of drug purposes in the counseled group. Conclusion: In this study, compliance among elderly Japanese home-care recipients was found to be associated with receiving pharmacist counseling, frequency of meals, and age. Received: 22 June 1998 / Accepted in revised form: 2 December 1998     

WHO“癫痫社会控制”方案的扩展性试验研究

本研究对WHO“癫痫的社会控制”提案在山西和宁夏回族自治区农村进行了为期一年的扩展性观察试验。共选定癫痫大发作患者120例作为样本。两地各随机分为二组,一组由经过短期培训的乡村医生治疗,另一组由神经科医生治疗。规定使用同一种药物苯巴比妥。结果表明两组都取得了令人满意的疗效,乡村医生可以按规定方案担当起治疗和管理多数癫痫太发作病人的任务。从而再次证实此方案在我国大部分农村地区是可行的、适用的,值得逐步推广。     

Dietary salt and blood pressure

Research evidence on the role of dietary sodium in the etiology and pathogenesis of hypertension is briefly reviewed. This matter is assuming new importance at present, given new data on the efficacy of normalization of blood pressure for adults with so-called "mild" hypertension (average diastolic 90-104 mm Hg), hence the need for safe nutritional-hygienic alternatives to years-long drug treatment for millions of people with such hypertension. Two trials by the authors deal with some unresolved questions in this area. The first, a preliminary study, involved 21 lacto-ovo-vegetarian high school students living in a boarding school. With decrease in daily Na intake from 216 to 72 meq for the experimental compared with the control group, red blood cell Na concentration was significantly lower in the former; systolic pressure was slightly but not significantly lower. The second trial, the Primary Prevention of Hypertension, involves over 200 hypertension-prone persons aged 30-44, and explores the ability in the experimental group to reduce blood pressure and prevent development of hypertension by safe nutritional-hygienic means (weight reduction, dietary Na decrease, avoidance of excess alcohol, rhythmic exercise). Initial results at 6 months are presented. Trials on the prevention and control of hypertension by nonpharmacologic means, including reduced Na intake, and involving analyses of the inter-relationships among dietary Na, other dietary factors, Na metabolism, and blood pressure in samples from different population strata, are an important present-day research need.