帕瑞昔布联合塞来昔布在妇科腹腔镜手术围手术期的应用

目的：观察帕瑞昔布联合塞来昔布在妇科腹腔镜手术的镇痛效果和安全性,为临床术后镇痛提供参考。方法选择全麻下妇科腹腔镜手术患者158例,随机分为观察组与对照组,每组79例。观察组术前24小时给塞来昔布200 mg口服,术前12小时塞来昔布200 mg口服,切皮前30分钟给予帕瑞昔布40 mg静脉注射,手术结束前30分钟给予帕瑞昔布40 mg静脉注射,术后12小时帕瑞昔布40 mg静脉注射。对照组手术结束前30分钟给予帕瑞昔布40 mg静脉注射,术后12小时生理盐水2 mL静脉注射。两组术后若VAS评分>4分,则追加曲马多。记录两组患者术后清醒拔管1、4、8、12、24、48与72小时的VAS 评分与追加曲马多药物剂量,统计分析术后不良反应发生情况、术前术后焦虑抑郁评分及术后慢性疼痛发生情况。结果观察组各个时点的VAS评分均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0．05);观察组患者术后并发症较对照组少,差异有统计学意义(P<0．05);观察组术前术后焦虑抑郁评分差值与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0．05)。结论帕瑞昔布联合塞来昔布在妇科腹腔镜手术术后镇痛有明显效果,减少了术后镇痛药物并发症发生,降低了术后疼痛评分,减少了其他类镇痛药使用量,缓解了术后焦虑抑郁情绪,预防了患者术后慢性疼痛的发生。     

超声引导髂筋膜间隙阻滞两种穿刺方式对全髋关节置换术后镇痛效果影响的随机对照研究

目的 对比超声引导下髂筋膜间隙阻滞两种穿刺方式对神经阻滞成功率及全髋关节置换术后镇痛效果的影响.方法 经北京大学第三医院伦理委员会批准,选择2013年10月至2014年5月于北京大学第三医院行择期全髋关节置换术的患者60例,全麻诱导前行超声引导下髂筋膜间隙阻滞.根据超声探头平行还是垂直于腹股沟韧带放置,将患者随机分为平行组与垂直组.2组患者均给予等容量1％罗哌卡因+1％利多卡因共30 ml.2组术后采用静脉自控镇痛.记录超声成像时间、穿刺注药时间和操作时间,30 min内股神经、股外侧皮神经支配区域感觉阻滞起效情况,阻滞后4、8、12、24、36、48 h患者静息状态疼痛评分,首次使用PCA时间,术后各时间点累计舒芬太尼用量,各种不良反应发生率.结果 平行组、垂直组超声成像时间分别为(3.1±1.2)、(5.0±1.7) min,差异有统计学意义(t=-5.128,P＜0.05).平行组、垂直组操作时间分别为(5.2±1.3)、(7.1±2.0) min,差异有统计学意义(t=-4.376,P＜0.05).2组股神经感觉阻滞起效均达到100％.垂直组股外侧皮神经感觉阻滞成功率为100％,高于平行组的83.3％(x2 =5.455,P＜0.05).2组阻滞后4、8、12 h股外侧皮神经阻滞率垂直组高于平行组(P＜0.05).阻滞后8、12、24、36、48 h累计舒芬太尼用量平行组高于垂直组(P＜0.05).术后各时间点静息数字化疼痛评分、镇痛满意度、不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义.结论 探头垂直于腹股沟韧带平面内进针比探头平行于腹股沟韧带进针对股外侧皮神经能产生更好的阻滞效果,可降低术后舒芬太尼用量,可能更适用于全髋关节置换术后镇痛.     

右美托咪定联合布托啡诺用于病毒性脑炎患者镇痛镇静的临床观察

目的 分析病毒性脑炎患者应用联合右美托咪定及布托啡诺治疗的临床效果.方法 将64例病毒性脑炎患者随机分为对照组及观察组,每组32例.以接受右美托咪定镇痛治疗者为对照组,以联合接受右美托咪定及布托啡诺镇痛治疗者为观察组,对比两组接受治疗后的镇痛镇静效果及药物副作用发生率.结果 观察组接受治疗后止痛起效时间、镇静起效时间、止痛持续时间及镇静持续时间分别为(10.12±2.77) min、(17.71 ±3.51)min、(766.61 ±86.12) min及(653.55±98.32) min明显短于对照组的(13.61 ±3.61)min、(21.67 ±3.26) min、(731.21 ±78.24) min及(610.27 ±86.38) min(P＜0.05);同时治疗前两组生活质量各项评分比较未见统计学差异(P＞0.05),经治疗后观察组生活质量各项评分改善较对照组更为明显(P＜0.05).此外两组药物副作用发生率比较未见统计学差异(P＞0.05).结论 联合右美托咪定及布托啡诺治疗可显著提高病毒性脑炎患者的镇痛镇静效果.     

高乌甲素用于甲状腺术后镇痛的临床观察

目的：观察不同剂量高乌甲素对甲状腺手术患者术后镇痛的作用。方法将60例择期行甲状腺手术的患者,ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级,随机双盲分为3组（ n＝20）：高乌甲素0.15 mg／kg组（ L1组）,高乌甲素0.20 mg／kg组（ L2组）和对照组（ C组）,分别于手术开始前给予高乌甲素0.15 mg／kg或0.20 mg／kg （用生理盐水稀释至20 mL）,对照组给予生理盐水20 mL。应用视觉模拟镇痛评分（ VAS）法评估各组术后2 h、4 h、6 h、8 h、12 h和24 h的镇痛效果,观察并记录血压、心率、脉搏氧饱和度、呼吸频率、不良反应及术后止痛药的应用情况。结果各组性别、年龄、体重、手术时间、不良反应及术后用药等比较差异无统计学意义（ P＞0.05）。 VAS评分：与C组相比,L1组和L2组在2～24 h时镇痛效果好,VAS评分低于C组,差异有统计学意义（ P＜0.05）;L1组与L2组相比,在2 h、6 h时L2组低于L1组,差异有统计学意义（ P＜0.05）。结论高乌甲素用于甲状腺手术患者的术后镇痛效果确切,安全可靠,后者早期镇痛效果更强。     

超声引导下腹横肌平面阻滞复合瑞芬太尼靶控输注在胰管结石体外震波碎石术中的应用

目的 评价超声引导下腹横肌平面阻滞联合瑞芬太尼靶控输注应用于胰管结石体外震波碎石术(ESWL)中的效果。方法 随机选择60例首次接受ESWL治疗胰管结石的患者,分为R组和TR组(每组n=30)。R组患者仅接受瑞芬太尼靶控输注(TCI),TR组患者接受瑞芬太尼TCI前30min接受超声引导下腹横肌平面阻滞。采用Dixon序贯法计算两组患者的瑞芬太尼半数有效量(EC₅₀),记录患者围术期视觉模拟疼痛量表(VAS)、Ramsay镇静量表、血流动力学参数、呼吸参数和不良事件。结果 R组和TR组患者瑞芬太尼EC₅₀分别为3.448ng/ml(95%CI:1.636~3.946)和2.523ng/ml(95%CI:0.744~2.991),差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。两组患者疼痛和镇静评分相当。两组患者血流动力学和呼吸参数均无明显差异。与R组相比,TR组不良事件发生率更低(10% vs 56.7%,P＜0.001),瘙痒发生率更低(6.7% vs 26.7%,P=0.038)。结论 腹横肌平面阻滞联合瑞芬太尼靶控输注可为胰管结石ESWL提供满意的镇痛和镇静,且不良事件发生率更低。     

Incidence and Risk Factors of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Patients with Fentanyl-Based Intravenous Patient-Controlled Analgesia and Single Antiemetic Prophylaxis

Purpose

We evaluated the incidence and risk factors of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in patients with fentanyl-based intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (IV-PCA) and single antiemetic prophylaxis of 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 (5 HT₃)-receptor antagonist after the general anesthesia.

Materials and Methods

In this retrospective study, incidence and risk factors for PONV were evaluated with fentanyl IV-PCA during postoperative 48 hours after various surgeries.

Results

Four hundred-forty patients (23%) of 1878 had showed PONV. PCA was discontinued temporarily in 268 patients (14%), mostly due to PONV (88% of 268 patients). In multivariate analysis, female, non-smoker, history of motion sickness or PONV, long duration of anesthesia (>180 min), use of desflurane and intraoperative remifentanil infusion were independent risk factors for PONV. If one, two, three, four, five, or six of these risk factors were present, the incidences of PONV were 18%, 19%, 22%, 31%, 42%, or 50%. Laparoscopic surgery and higher dose of fentanyl were not risk factors for PONV.

Conclusion

Despite antiemetic prophylaxis with 5 HT₃-receptor antagonist, 23% of patients with fentanyl-based IV-PCA after general anesthesia showed PONV. Long duration of anesthesia and use of desflurane were identified as risk factors, in addition to risk factors of Apfel''s score (female, non-smoker, history of motion sickness or PONV). Also, intraoperative remifentanil infusion was risk factor independent of postoperative opioid use. As the incidence of PONV was up to 50% according to the number of risk factors, risk-adapted, multimodal or combination therapy should be applied.     

Pain assessment and management in the NICU: analysis of an educational intervention for health professionals

Objectiveto study the perception of a Neonatal Intensive Care team on pain assessment and management before and after an educational intervention created and implemented in the unit.Methodsintervention study developed as action research, in three phases. In Phase 1, a quantitative study was performed to identify how professionals perceive pain management in the unit. In Phase 2, an educational intervention was carried out, using the Operational Group (OG), which defined strategies to be adopted to seek improvements in pain assessment and management. In Phase 3, the initial questionnaire was reapplied to assess professionals’ perceptions about the subject after the intervention. All professionals directly working in newborn care were included.Resultsthe perception of professionals about pain management and assessment in the unit showed a statistically significant difference between the two phases of research, highlighting the increase in frequency of reference for evaluation and use of some method of pain relief procedures for most analyzed procedures. Participation in training (one of the strategies defined by the operational group) was reported by 86.4% of the professionals. They reported the use of scales for pain assessment, established by the protocol adopted in the service after the intervention, with a frequency of 94.4%. Changes in pain assessment and management were perceived by 79.6% of the participants.Conclusionthe professionals involved in the educational intervention observed changes in pain management in the unit and related them to the strategies defined and implemented by the OG.     

Application of Lidocaine Jelly on Chest Tubes to Reduce Pain Caused by Drainage Catheter after Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery

The objective of this study was to assess the effect of lidocaine jelly application to chest tubes on the intensity and duration of overall pain, chest tube site pain and the required analgesics for postoperative pain relief in coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) patients. For patients in group L, we applied sterile 2% lidocaine jelly on the chest tubes just before insertion, and for patients in group C, we applied normal saline. Overall visual analogue scale (VAS), maximal pain area with their VAS were documented postoperatively, and the frequency that button of patient-controlled analgesia was pressed (FPB) and total fentanyl consumption were assessed. The number of patients who complained that tube site was the most painful site was significantly higher in group C than in group L (85% vs. 30% at extubation, P<0.001). The overall VAS score was significantly higher in group C than in group L (39.14±12.49 vs. 27.74±13.76 at extubation, P=0.006). After all of the tubes were removed, the VAS score decreased more in group C (5.74±4.77, P<0.001) than in group L (3.05±2.48, P<0.001). FPB and total fentanyl consumption were significantly higher in group C than in group L (73.00, 59.00-78.00 vs. 34.00, 31.00-39.25, P<0.001; 2,214.65±37.01 vs. 1,720.19±361.63, P<0.001, respectively). Lidocaine jelly application is a very simple way to reduce postoperative pain by reducing chest tube site pain after CABG. (Clinical Trials Registry No. ACTRN 12611001215910)     

L-甲硫氨酸通过调节脊髓DNA甲基化水平减轻甲醛溶液所致急性炎性痛机制研究

背景　甲硫氨酸能够促进DNA甲基化的发生,DNA甲基化参与疼痛的发生发展和维持。急性炎性痛是临床常见症状,控制不及时会转化成慢性炎性痛,外源性补充甲硫氨酸可能通过调节DNA甲基化参与调节急性炎性痛,改善患者疼痛症状。目的　本研究采用甲醛溶液诱导急性炎性痛模型大鼠,观察注射L-甲硫氨酸（L-MET）是否会减轻大鼠足底急性炎性痛并探讨其机制,以期为寻找新的疼痛生物标志物和开发理想的镇痛新药提供理论依据。方法　2017年7月-2018年12月,将24只健康成年清洁级雄性Sprague-Dawley（SD）大鼠按照随机数字表法分为A组（0.9%氯化钠溶液+0.9%氯化钠溶液组）、B组（L-MET+0.9%氯化钠溶液组）、C组（0.9%氯化钠溶液+2 g/L甲醛溶液组）、D组（L-MET+2 g/L甲醛溶液组）,每组6只。B组、D组腹腔注射L-MET,2次/d,总量不超过0.18 mg/kg,连续注射3 d;A组、C组注射等量0.9%氯化钠溶液。C组、D组左后足足跖部皮下注射2 g/L甲醛溶液20 μl,制作甲醛溶液所致急性炎性痛模型,大鼠足部肿胀并会出现相应的抬足舔足行为视为模型制作成功;A组、B组注射等量0.9%氯化钠溶液。全程记录给药后60 min大鼠行为学,并记录疼痛次数,每隔3 min为1个观察时段,共分20个观察时段。行为学检测结束后,将大鼠处死,取脊髓L4~L6之间脊髓组织,检测大鼠脊髓全基因组DNA甲基化水平及大鼠脊髓DNA甲基化转移酶（DNMT）1、DNMT2、DNMT3a、DNMT3b RNA水平。结果　A组、B组大鼠无明显不适异常反应;C组、D组大鼠出现躁动不安、注射足抬起不着地、舔咬或抖动注射足等反应,其疼痛行为反应呈典型的双相变化,从注射后即刻开始,持续3~5 min的急性疼痛时相（第一时相）,5~10 min的静息期,随后出现可持续0~45 min的继发性疼痛时相（第二时相）。C组、D组大鼠各时间点疼痛次数均多于A组、B组（P<0.05）;D组大鼠6~39 min疼痛次数少于C组（P<0.05）。B组、D组大鼠脊髓全基因组DNA甲基化水平高于A组（P<0.05）;C组、D组大鼠脊髓全基因组DNA甲基化水平低于B组（P<0.05）;D组大鼠脊髓全基因组DNA甲基化水平高于C组（P<0.05）。C组、D组大鼠脊髓DNMT3a、DNMT3b RNA水平高于A组、B组（P<0.05）;D组大鼠脊髓DNMT3a RNA水平低于C组,DNMT3b RNA水平高于C组（P<0.05）。结论　L-MET对于甲醛溶液所致急性炎性痛模型大鼠具有明显镇痛作用,其机制与脊髓全基因组DNA甲基化水平以及DNMT水平的变化有关。     

超声引导下后路腰方肌阻滞与腹横肌平面阻滞应用于小儿下腹部手术后镇痛的效果及安全性比较

目的 探讨后路腰方肌（QL2）阻滞与腹横肌平面（TAP）阻滞在小儿下腹部腹腔镜手术后镇痛的效果及安全性。方法 选择2018年6月～2019年6月本院择期全麻下腹部腹腔镜手术患儿56例,年龄1～7岁,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机分为QL2组和TAP组,每组各28例。两组神经阻滞均于全身麻醉后、手术前在超声引导下完成。术后24 h内密切随访。FLACC量表评估术后疼痛程度;记录术后24 h内予补救性镇痛患儿累积数量、平均动脉压和心率;评估并记录神经阻滞相关不良反应。结果 QL2组患儿手术后1 h、2 h、4 h、6 h、12 h FLACC评分均低于TAP组（均P＜0.05）;QL2组手术后24 h内需要补救性镇痛患儿累积数量低于TAP组（P=0.014）;QL2组患儿手术后1 h、2 h、4 h、6 h、12 h、24 h平均动脉压和心率均低于TAP组（均P＜0.05）。QL2组术后有4例（14.3%）出现暂时性股四头肌无力,TAP组患儿未发现股四头肌无力;QL2组2例、TAP组1例出现单侧穿刺部位血肿。结论 超声引导下QL2阻滞应用于小儿下腹部腹腔镜手术后镇痛的效果优于TAP阻滞,但存在发生暂时性股四头肌无力的风险。