近程地对地战术导弹的作用与问题

海湾战争中,“爱国者”导弹成功地拦截了“飞毛腿”导弹,给近程地对地战术导弹的作用、发展与装备方向提出了值得思考的问题。本文着重讨论在局部战争中,近程地对地战术导弹的作用、使用场合及其技术发展方向。     

Very low surface recombination velocities on p-type silicon wafers passivated with a dielectric with fixed negative charge

Surface recombination velocities as low as 10 cm/s have been obtained by treated atomic layer deposition (ALD) of Al₂O₃ layers on p-type CZ silicon wafers. Low surface recombination is achieved by means of field induced surface passivation due to a high density of negative charges stored at the interface. In comparison to a diffused back surface field, an external field source allows for higher band bending, that is, a better performance. While this process yields state of the art results, it is not suited for large-scale production. Preliminary results on an industrially viable, alternative process based on a pseudo-binary system containing Al₂O₃ are presented, too. With this process, surface recombination velocities of 500–1000 cm/s have been attained on mc-Si wafers.     

精铸型壳"墨点"和铸件"黑皮"分析

以锆石砂粉为面层、高岭石系耐火材料为背层制成的精铸型壳浇注不锈钢铸件．经常在铸件表面出现大面积“黑皮”和相互孤立的凹陷疤痕，严重影响铸件质量．通过生产现场跟踪调查．结合俄歇能谱分析等手段．对缺陷部位化学组成和形成原因进行分析探讨．指出：铸件表面的疤痕与型壳表面“墨点”直接相关；而“黑皮”主要是硬壳面层中的氧化铁与铸件表面氧化产生的各种金属氧化物反应生成的尖晶石型复杂化合物。在此基础上，提出了防止此类缺陷的措施。     

A new curvature technique calculation for surface tension contribution in PLIC-VOF method

The volume of fluid (VOF) methods have been used for numerous numerical simulations. Among these techniques used to define the moving interface, the piecewise linear interface reconstruction (PLIC-VOF) is one of the most accurate. A study of the superficial tension impact on two-phase flow with free surface is presented. A new method based on direct staggered grid is developped to include surface tension in PLIC-VOF. The new numerical curvature calculation method doesn't need smoothed colour function and leads to less “spurious current”. This technique is applied to the calculus of surface tension force in the case of the rise of air bubble in viscous liquid and the fall of liquid drop in the same liquid on free surface. Droplets, thin layer and capillarity waves are observed after the free surface rupture for different Bond number. The influence of surface tension calculus is then obvioused and when the drop hit the free surface, wavelets propagate toward the virtual boundaries imposed.     

高速硬车削淬火钢的实验研究

通过改变高速车削淬火钢（Cr12）的切削用量，对切削力、切削温度、加工表面质量等进行了研究，结果表明合理选择切削用量，高速硬车削淬火钢可显著提高生产率及加工表面质量，并在一定程度上可取代磨削加工。     

Effects of the cryogenic cooling on the fatigue strength of the AISI 304 stainless steel ground components

For environmental considerations, the substitution of the conventionally used oil-based grinding fluids has nowadays become strongly recommended. Although several alternatives have been proposed, cryogenic cooling by liquid nitrogen is the non-polluting coolant that has been given relatively more attention because of its very low temperature. In this investigation, in order to contribute to developing this promising cooling mode, its beneficial effects on the ground surface integrity of the AISI 304 stainless steel and their consequences on the fatigue lifetime are explored. Results of this investigation show that grinding under cryogenic cooling mode generates surfaces with lower roughness, less defects, higher work hardening and less tensile residual stresses than those obtained on surfaces ground under oil-based grinding fluid. These surface enhancements result into substantial improvements in the fatigue behaviour of components ground under this cooling mode. An increasing rate of almost 15% of the endurance limit at 2 × 10⁶ cycles could be realized. SEM analyses of the fatigue fracture surfaces have shown that the fatigue cracks observed on the specimens ground under cryogenic cooling are shorter (i.e., 30-50 μm) than those generated under oil-based cooling mode (i.e., 150-200 μm). The realized improvements in the surface integrity and in the fatigue behaviour are thought to be related to the reduction of the grinding zone temperature observed under cryogenic cooling, as no significant differences between the grinding force components for both cooling modes have been observed.     

非接触型光外差轮廓仪

本文介绍一种纳米级非接触型高精度光外差轮廓仪,它是基于普通光路的光外差干涉仪。工件表面被两束有微小频差的激光束所照射,其中一束经聚焦后用作测量光探针来扫描工件表面,另一束则用作参考光束。两束光经表面反射后产生干涉。测量信号和参考信号的相位差与表面的微不平值成正比。仪器的横向分辨率为2μm,高度分辨率为1 nm,它不需要对试样作大范围的调整,且可用试样自身作参考面。信号经光电转换后由微型计算机进行处理,它能快速完成测量、计算、显示及打印出各种参数和曲线。     

Tearing, folding and deformation of a carbon-carbon sp-bonded network

A monolayer and a few layers of carbon sp²-bonded networks were torn and folded by the tip of an atomic force microscope at the steps on newly cleaved highly oriented pyrolytic graphite. It was found that the preferential breaking directions and folding axes are along the symmetry directions of the graphite hexagonal structure. Depending on the force exerted by the tip, breaking may occur along other directions. The torn part of the graphene sheet can even be stretched and deformed, and does not resume its original shape after release from the tip.     

Surface characteristics of fluorine-modified PAN-based carbon fibers

Different fluorination methods were applied to modify the surface properties of carbon fibers. The relationship between the degree of fluorination and the physicochemical properties of carbon fibers was studied using a combination of mechanical tests, elemental analysis (EA), X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). EA and XPS analyses of fluorinated carbon fibers showed that treatment with mixtures of F₂/O₂ introduced a much higher fluorine concentration than that with F₂ only. However, XRD analysis showed that there was no increase in the interlayer distance, due to the mild fluorination condition applied. Consequently, the oxyfluorination was one of the more effective methods to increase surface polarity of carbon fibers, which probably played an important role in improving the tensile properties of the fibers in the epoxy resin system.